Manganese oxide minerals have been used for thousands of years
Manganese oxide minerals have been used for thousands of years—by the ancients for pigments and to clarify glass, and today as ores of Mn metal, catalysts, and battery material. More than 30 Mn oxide minerals occur in various geological settings. They are significant components of Mn nodules that pave vast areas of the ocean floor and bottoms of many fresh-water lakes. Mn oxide minerals are ubiquitous in soils and sediments and participate in various chemical reactions that affect groundwater an