1. Product Structure and Interfacial Design
1.1 Core-Shell Framework and Bonding System
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments containing a high-strength steel core enveloped by a conductive copper layer, developing a metallurgically adhered core-shell architecture.
The steel core, commonly low-carbon or stainless steel, supplies mechanical robustness with tensile strengths going beyond 2000 MPa, while the copper finish– usually 2– 10% of the total diameter– conveys superb electrical and thermal conductivity.
The interface in between steel and copper is important for efficiency; it is crafted through electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding processes to make certain solid attachment and very little interdiffusion under operational anxieties.
Electroplating is one of the most usual method, providing exact density control and uniform insurance coverage on constant steel filaments drawn through copper sulfate baths.
Proper surface area pretreatment of the steel, including cleaning, pickling, and activation, ensures ideal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, avoiding delamination during subsequent handling or solution.
In time and at elevated temperature levels, interdiffusion can develop brittle iron-copper intermetallic phases at the interface, which may jeopardize versatility and long-lasting dependability– a challenge alleviated by diffusion barriers or fast processing.
1.2 Physical and Useful Residence
CCSFs combine the very best qualities of both basic steels: the high elastic modulus and fatigue resistance of steel with the remarkable conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electrical conductivity commonly varies from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Criterion (IACS), depending on finish density and pureness, making CCSF substantially a lot more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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