Utilizing the unique charge extraction properties of antimony tin oxide nanoparticles for efficient and stable organic photovoltaics

Simultaneously enhancing device performance and longevity and balancing the requirements on cost, scalability, and simplification of processing is the goal of interface engineering of organic solar cells (OSCs). During the scalable flame spray pyrolysis synthesis, our work strategically introduces antimony (Sb3+) cations into an efficient and generic n-type SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) host. Accordingly, a significant switch of conduction property from an n-type character to a p-type character is observed, with a corresponding shift in the work function (WF) from 4.01 ± 0.02 eV for pristine SnO2 NPs to 5.28 ± 0.02 eV for SnO2 NPs with 20 mol. % Sb content (ATO). Both pristine SnO2 and ATO NPs with fine-tuned optoelectronic properties exhibit remarkable charge carrier extraction properties, excellent UV resistance, and photo-stability, compatible with various state-of-the-art OSC systems. The reliable and scalable pristine SnO2 and ATO NPs processed by doctor-blading in air demand no complex post-treatment. Our work offers a simple but unique approach to accelerating the development of advanced interfacial materials, which could circumvent the existing interfacial problems in solution-processed OSCs. So far, we noticed the absence of light soaking and photo-shunt as potential advantages of n-type SnO2 NPs over ZnO-based ETMs. Next, we extended our investigations to the ATO NPs and clarified the nature of the polarity and the

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