Boron Carbide Ceramics: Kuyambitsa Kafukufuku wa Sayansi, Katundu, ndi Revolutionary Applications ya Ultra-Hard Advanced Material
1. Chiyambi cha Boron Carbide: Zofunika Kwambiri
Boron carbide (B ₄ C) ndi imodzi mwazinthu zopanga zodabwitsa zomwe zimadziwika ndi kafukufuku wamakono wasayansi, chosiyanitsidwa ndi kuyika kwake pakati pa zinthu zolimba kwambiri pa Dziko Lapansi, kuposa diamondi ndi kiyubiki boron nitride.
(Boron Carbide Ceramic)
Poyamba adapangidwa m'zaka za zana la 19, boron carbide idasinthika kuchokera ku chidwi cha labotale kupita ku chinthu chofunikira pamakina opangira magwiridwe antchito apamwamba., chitetezo zatsopano, ndi zida za nyukiliya.
Kuphatikiza kwake kwapadera kolimba kwambiri, kuchepetsedwa kachulukidwe, high neutron mayamwidwe mtanda gawo, komanso kukhazikika kwapadera kwamankhwala kumapangitsa kukhala kofunikira m'malo omwe zida zokhazikika zimasowa.
Nkhaniyi ikupereka kafukufuku wochuluka koma wofikirika wa boron carbide ceramics, kulowa m'mapangidwe ake a atomiki, kaphatikizidwe njira, makina ndi nyumba zogona kapena zamalonda, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapulogalamu apamwamba omwe amatengera mawonekedwe ake odabwitsa.
Cholinga chake ndikulumikiza malo pakati pa kumvetsetsa kwachipatala ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kothandiza, kupereka owerenga mozama, adamvetsetsa bwino momwe zinthu zaceramic zodabwitsazi zikupangira ukadaulo wamakono.
2. Kapangidwe ka Atomiki ndi Basic Chemistry
2.1 Crystal Latticework ndi Makhalidwe Ogwirizana
Boron carbide imawonekera mu rhombohedral framework (team team R3m) ndi selo yovuta ya chipangizo chomwe chimakhala ndi stoichiometry yosinthika, nthawi zambiri kuyambira B ₄ C mpaka B ₁₀. ZISANU C.
Maziko ofunikira a kamangidwe kameneka ndi 12-atomu icosahedra yopangidwa makamaka ndi maatomu a boroni., olumikizidwa ndi maunyolo owongoka a ma atomu atatu omwe amakulitsa magalasi a kristalo.
Icosahedra ndi magulu okhazikika chifukwa cha mgwirizano wamphamvu mkati mwa netiweki ya boron., pamene maunyolo a inter-icosahedral– nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi C-B-C kapena B-B-B makonzedwe– zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukhazikitsa zida zamakina ndi malo okhalamo digito.
Mtundu wapadera uwu umatsogolera ku chinthu chokhala ndi digiri yapamwamba ya covalent kugwirizana (chatha 90%), zomwe zimawongoka zomwe zimayang'anira kulimba kwake kodabwitsa komanso kukhazikika kwamafuta.
Kuwoneka kwa kaboni m'magawo a unyolo kumakulitsa kukhazikika kwa zomangamanga, komabe kusagwirizana kochokera ku stoichiometry yabwino kumatha kuyambitsa zolakwika zomwe zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito amakina komanso kusasinthika..
(Boron Carbide Ceramic)
2.2 Compositional Irregularity ndi Flaw Chemistry
Mosiyana ndi ma ceramics angapo omwe amasamalira stoichiometry, boron carbide imasonyeza mitundu yambiri ya homogeneity, kulola kusinthika kwakukulu kwa chiŵerengero cha boron-to-carbon popanda kusokoneza dongosolo lonse la kristalo.
Kusintha kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kutengera zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera, ngakhale zimabweretsanso zovuta pakukonza ndi kufananiza bwino.
Zolakwa monga kusowa kwa carbon, boron kutsegula, ndi kupotoza kwa icosahedral ndizofala ndipo zimatha kuyambitsa kuuma, crack kulimba, ndi conductivity magetsi.
Mwachitsanzo, under-stoichiometric make-ups (boron wolemera) Amakonda kuwonetsa kuuma kwakukulu koma kumachepetsa kulimba kwa fracture, pamene kusiyana kwa carbon-rich kungasonyeze bwino sinterability pa ndalama kuuma.
Kumvetsetsa ndikuwongolera zolakwika izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza kwapamwamba kwa boron carbide, makamaka pofuna kupititsa patsogolo luso la chitetezo ndi zida za nyukiliya.
3. Kaphatikizidwe ndi Njira Zopangira
3.1 Njira Zazikulu Zopangira
Boron carbide ufa nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kudzera pakuchepetsa kutentha kwa carbothermal, ndondomeko imene boric acid (H ₃ BO ATATU) kapena boron oxide (B AWIRI O ₃) imayankhidwa ndi zinthu za carbon monga mafuta a coke kapena makala mu ng'anjo yamagetsi yamagetsi.
Zomwe zimachitika zimapitilira momwe zimakhalira:
B AWIRI O ₃ + 7C → 2B IFOUR C + 6CO (gasi)
Izi zimachitika pa kutentha kupitirira 2000 °C, kuyitanitsa kulowetsa kwakukulu kwa mphamvu.
Zotsatira zake zakuti B FOUR C zimatsatiridwa ndi kugayidwa ndikutsukidwa kuti muchotse mpweya wobweranso komanso ma oxide osakhudzidwa..
Njira zina zimaphatikizapo kuchepetsa magnetothermic, kaphatikizidwe ka laser, ndi plasma arc synthesis, zomwe zimapereka ulamuliro wabwino pa kukula kwa zidutswa ndi kuyera koma nthawi zambiri zimangokhala zazing'ono kapena kupanga zinazake.
3.2 Zovuta mu Densification ndi Sintering
Chimodzi mwazovuta kwambiri pakupanga boron carbide ceramic kupanga ndikukhazikika kwathunthu chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwake kolimba komanso kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono kwamadzimadzi..
Sintering yokhazikika yopanda mphamvu nthawi zambiri imabweretsa milingo ya porosity pamwambapa 10%, kuyika pachiwopsezo champhamvu chamagetsi ndi luso la ballistic.
Kuti tigonjetse izi, Njira zopititsira patsogolo za densification zimagwiritsidwa ntchito:
Kukankha Kutentha (HP): Kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi imodzi kutentha (kawirikawiri 2000– 2200 °C )ndi uniaxial pressure (20– 50 MPa) mu ambience inert, kutulutsa makulidwe pafupifupi ongoyerekeza.
Kuthamanga kwa Isostatic Kutentha (HIP): Amagwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwambiri komanso kupsinjika kwa mpweya wa isotropic (100– 200 MPa), kuchotsa pores mkati ndi kulimbikitsa kukhazikika kwa makina.
Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS): Imagwiritsa ntchito pulsed yomwe ilipo kuti itenthetse mwachangu ufa wophatikizika, kupangitsa kachulukidwe pamiyezo yotsika komanso yocheperako, kusunga kamangidwe kabwino kambewu.
Zowonjezera monga carbon, silicon, kapena kusintha zitsulo borides nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa kulimbikitsa mbewu malire kufalikira ndi kulimbikitsa sinterability, ngakhale ziyenera kuyendetsedwa mosamala kwambiri kuti zisakhale zolimba zonyoza.
4. Amakanika ndi Kukhala Mwakuthupi
4.1 Kukhazikika Kwapadera ndi Kukaniza Kuvala
Boron carbide imadziwika chifukwa cha kuuma kwake kwa Vickers, kawirikawiri zimasiyana 30 ku 35 Grade point average, kuyiyika pakati pa zida zolimba kwambiri zodziwika.
Kulimba koopsa kumeneku kumasintha kukhala kukana kochititsa chidwi kwa kuvala kwa abrasive, kupanga B IFOUR C kukhala yabwino kwambiri pamagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati ma nozzles a sandblasting, kuchepetsa zida, ndi kuvala mbale m'zida zamigodi ndi zotopetsa.
Chipangizo chovala mu boron carbide chimaphatikizapo microfracture ndi kukoka njere kusiyana ndi kupunduka kwa pulasitiki, mawonekedwe a porcelains osalimba.
Komabe, kulimba kwake kocheperako (nthawi zambiri 2.5– 3.5 MPa · m 1ST / ZIWIRI) zimapangitsa kukhala tcheru kuswa kufalitsa motengera kutsitsa, kumafuna kupangidwa mosamala m'mapulogalamu osangalatsa.
4.2 Kachulukidwe Kakang'ono ndi Mphamvu Zapamwamba
Ndi kachulukidwe wa pafupifupi 2.52 g/cm ATATU, boron carbide ndi imodzi mwazopanga zopepuka kwambiri zomwe zilipo, kugwiritsa ntchito phindu lalikulu muzochita zolimbitsa thupi.
Izi otsika kachulukidwe, kuphatikizidwa ndi kulimba kwapamwamba kwambiri (chatha 4 GPA), kumatsogolera ku phenomenal zambiri mphamvu (kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndi kachulukidwe), Zofunikira pazamlengalenga ndi zida zodzitchinjiriza komwe kucheperako ndikofunikira.
Mwachitsanzo, mu zida zaumwini ndi zamagalimoto, B FOUR C imapereka chitetezo chamtengo wapatali cholemera chilichonse chosiyana ndi chitsulo kapena alumina, kulola kupepuka, zochulukirachulukira mafoni chitetezo machitidwe.
4.3 Thermal ndi Chemical Kukhazikika
Boron carbide imawonetsa kukhazikika kwamafuta, kusamalira nyumba zake zamakina monga momwe 1000 ° C m'malo opanda mpweya.
Ili ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri pozungulira 2450 ° C ndi kuchepa kwa kukula kwa kutentha (~ 5.6 × 10 ⁻⁶/ K), kuwonjezera kukana kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa kutentha.
Mankhwala, imateteza kwambiri ku ma asidi (kupatula ma oxidizing acid monga HNO ₃) ndi zitsulo zosungunuka, kupanga kukhala koyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mumlengalenga wowopsa wamankhwala ndi zida zamphamvu za atomiki.
Komabe, oxidation imakhala yochuluka kwambiri 500 ° C mumlengalenga, kupanga boric oxide ndi carbon dioxide, zomwe zimatha kusokoneza kukhulupirika m'malo nthawi.
Zigawo zodzitchinjiriza kapena kuwongolera chilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimafunikira pamavuto otenthetsera oxidizing.
5. Ntchito Zachinsinsi ndi luso laukadaulo
5.1 Ballistic Security ndi Shield Solutions
Boron carbide ndi mwala wapangodya mu chishango chopepuka chamakono chifukwa cha kusakanikirana kwake kosafanana ndi kulimba komanso kuchepa kwa makulidwe..
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu:
Ma mbale a ceramic a zida zankhondo (Chitetezo cha Level III ndi IV).
Chishango chagalimoto pazofunsira zankhondo ndi apolisi.
Chitetezo cha ndege ndi helikopita.
M'magulu achitetezo ophatikizika, B ₄ C matailosi nthawi zambiri amathandizidwa ndi ma polima olimba (mwachitsanzo, Kevlar kapena UHMWPE) kuti alowetse mphamvu zotsalira za kinetic pambuyo poti wosanjikiza wa ceramic waphwanya projectile.
Mosasamala kanthu za kulimba kwake kwakukulu, B IFOUR C akhoza kuchita “amorphization” pansi pa liwiro lalikulu, chodabwitsa chomwe chimalepheretsa kugwira ntchito kwake motsutsana ndi zoopsa zamphamvu kwambiri, kulimbikitsa maphunziro obwerezabwereza muzosinthidwa zophatikizika ndi ma porcelain osakanizidwa.
5.2 Nuclear Design ndi Neutron Absorption
Zina mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri za boron carbide zimakhalabe pakuwongolera zida za nyukiliya komanso chitetezo ndi chitetezo.
Chifukwa cha kuyamwa kwakukulu kwa neutroni pagawo la ¹⁰ B isotopu (3837 nkhokwe za ma neutroni otentha), B FOUR C imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu:
Control ndodo kwa pressurized madzi riyakitala (Zithunzi za PWR) ndi zopangira madzi otentha (Zithunzi za BWR).
Zida zoteteza nyutroni.
Machitidwe otseka zochitika zadzidzidzi.
Kuthekera kwake kuyamwa ma neutroni popanda kutupa kwakukulu kapena kuwonongeka pansi pa kuwala kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chinthu choyamikirika m'malo a nyukiliya..
Komabe, kutulutsa mpweya wa helium kuchokera ku ¹⁰ B(n, a)⁷ Li kuchitapo kanthu kungayambitse kupanikizika kwamkati ndi microcracking ndi nthawi, kufunikira kopanga mosamala komanso kutsatira zomwe zachitika nthawi yayitali.
5.3 Zida za Industrial and Wear-Resistant
Kupitilira chitetezo ndi misika ya nyukiliya, boron carbide imapeza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira m'mafakitale kuyitanitsa kukana kuvala kwambiri:
Nozzles kwa akhakula waterjet kudula ndi sandblasting.
Linings kwa mapampu ndi shutoffs akugwira slurries ovuta.
Kuchepetsa zida za zinthu zopanda chitsulo.
Kusasunthika kwake kwamankhwala komanso kukhazikika kwamafuta kumapangitsa kuti izichita modalirika m'malo opangira mankhwala opangira mankhwala komwe zida zachitsulo zitha kutha mwachangu..
6. Tsogolo la Tsogolo ndi Zofufuza za Kafukufuku
Tsogolo la boron carbide porcelain limatengera kugonjetsa zoletsa zake zamkati– makamaka kutsika kwamphamvu kwa mng'alu ndi kukana okosijeni– ndi kalembedwe kapamwamba kophatikiza ndi nanostructuring.
Mayendedwe a kafukufuku wapano ali ndi:
Kukula kwa B ₄ C-SiC, B ₄ C-TiB ₂, ndi B IFOUR C-CNT (carbon nanotube) mankhwala kulimbikitsa mphamvu ndi matenthedwe conductivity.
Kusintha kwapamwamba ndikumaliza zatsopano kuti mulimbikitse kukana kwa okosijeni.
Kupanga kowonjezera (3D kusindikiza) ya malo B ZINAYI C magawo pogwiritsa ntchito binder jetting ndi njira za SPS.
Monga zida kafukufuku wa sayansi akadali kusintha, boron carbide imayikidwa kuti igwire ntchito yabwinoko pazatsopano zam'mibadwo yotsatira, kuchokera ku ma hypersonic lorry kupita ku zida zanyukiliya zophatikizira zatsopano.
Pomaliza, boron carbide ceramics imayimira pachimake chazinthu zopangidwa mwaluso, kuphatikiza kulimba kwambiri, kuchepetsedwa makulidwe, ndi zida zapadera zanyukiliya mu chinthu chimodzi.
Kupyolera mu kupita patsogolo kosalekeza mu kaphatikizidwe, kugwira, ndi ntchito, zinthu zodabwitsazi zikupitiriza kukankhira malire a zomwe zingatheke mu mapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri.
Wofalitsa
Advanced Ceramics idakhazikitsidwa pa Okutobala 17, 2012, ndi bizinesi yapamwamba yodzipereka ku kafukufuku ndi chitukuko, kupanga, kukonza, malonda ndi ntchito zaukadaulo za zida za ceramic ndi zinthu. Zogulitsa zathu zikuphatikiza, koma osati zokha za Boron Carbide Ceramic Products, Boron Nitride Ceramic Products, Silicon Carbide Ceramic Products, Silicon Nitride Ceramic Products, Zirconium Dioxide Ceramic Products, ndi zina. Ngati muli ndi chidwi, chonde omasuka kulankhula nafe.([email protected])
Tags: Boron Carbide, Boron Ceramic, Boron Carbide Ceramic
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