1. Kemistri ea Motheo le Boleng ba Sebopeho sa Chromium(III) Oksijene
1.1 Moralo oa Crystallographic le Setupo sa Elektronike
(Chromium oxide)
Chromium(III) oxide, ka lik'hemik'hale e hlalosoang e le Cr two O FOUR, ke motsoako oa thermodynamically steady inorganic eo e leng oa lelapa la shift steel oxides e bonts'ang litšoaneleho tsa ionic le covalent..
E phatsima ka har'a sebopeho sa daemane, sekoti sa rhombohedral (sehlopha sa kamore R-3c), moo ione e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea chromium e sebetsang ka octahedally ka liathomo tse tšeletseng tsa oksijene, ’me oksijene ka ’ngoe e pota-potiloe ke liathomo tse ’nè tsa chromium ka tlhophiso e haufi-ufi.
Khopolo ena ea meralo, arolelanoa le α-Fe tse peli O THARO (hematite) le Al Two O ₃ (corundum), e fetisa boima bo makatsang ba mochini, tshireletso ya mocheso, le khanyetso ea lik'hemik'hale ho Cr ₂ O SIX.
Tokiso ea dijithale ea Cr FOUR ⁺ ke [Ar] 3d³, le sebakeng sa kristale ea octahedral ea oxide latticework, the 3 li-d-electrons li nka li-orbitals tsa matla a tlaase a t ₂ g, ho fella ka boemo bo phahameng bo nang le lipuisano tse ngata tsa phapanyetsano.
Litšebelisano tsena li hlahisa taelo ea antiferromagnetic e thathamisitsoeng ka tlase ho mocheso oa Néel ho potoloha 307 K, le hoja ferromagnetism e fokolang e ka bonoa ka lebaka la ho pota-pota ka mefuta e itseng ea nanostructured.
Sehlopha se pharaletseng sa Cr ₂ O FOUR– ho tloha ho 3.0 ho 3.5 eV– e etsa hore e be insulator ea motlakase e nang le resistivity e phahameng, e etsa hore e be pepeneneng khanyeng e bonahalang ea mofuta oa filimi e tšesaane ha e ntse e bontša sebaka se lefifi se nang le botsoalle ka bongata ka lebaka la ho monya ho tiileng libakeng tse khubelu le tse putsoa tsa mefuta..
1.2 Tšireletso ea Thermodynamic le Sensitivity ea Bokaholimo
Cr ₂ O ₃ ke e 'ngoe ea li-oxide tse inert tse nang le lik'hemik'hale tse utloisisoang, ho bontša khanyetso e makatsang ho li-acids, alkalis, le oxidation e phahameng ea mocheso.
Tšireletso ena e tsoa ho Cr– O bond le ho solubility ho tlase ha oxide maemong a mokelikeli, eo ka ho tšoanang e tlatsetsang mamellong ea eona ea tikoloho le ho fokotsa bioavailability.
Leha ho le joalo, tlasa mathata a feteletseng– joalo ka sulfuric e futhumetseng kapa hydrofluoric acid– Cr ₂ O tšelela e ka nolofatsa butle-butle, ho etsa matsoai a chromium.
Bokaholimo ba Cr ₂ O five ke amphoteric, ka bokhoni ba ho sebelisana le mefuta e 'meli ea acidic le e tloaelehileng, e nolofalletsang tšebeliso ea eona e le tšehetso e susumetsang kapa lits'ebetsong tsa ion-exchange.
( Chromium oxide)
Lihlopha tsa hydroxyl tse holimo (– OH) e ka theha ka hydration, e amang diketso tsa yona tsa adsorption mabapi le ions tsa tshepe, limolek'hule tsa tlhaho, le likhase.
Ka mefuta ea nanocrystalline kapa e tšesaane-filimi, karo-karolelano e ntseng e eketseha ea holimo-ho-bolumo e ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea sebaka sa holimo, e lumellang ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso kapa doping ho ikamahanya le thepa ea eona ea matla kapa ea dijithale.
2. Mokhoa oa ho Kopanya le oa ho Ts'oara bakeng sa Likopo tse Sebetsang
2.1 Mekhoa ea Setso le e Tsoetseng Pele ea Tlhahiso
Tlhahiso ea Cr two O three e atolosa mekhoa e mengata, ho tloha ho calcination ea tekanyo ea indasteri ho ea ho ho nepahala ha filimi e tšesaane.
Mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa khoebo o kenyelletsa ho bola ha mocheso oa ammonium dichromate ((NH ₄)₂ Cr Two O ₇) kapa chromium trioxide (KAROLO TŠELELA) maemong a mocheso ho feta 300 °C, ho hlahisa bohloeki bo phahameng ba Cr ₂ O phofo e 'meli e nang le likarolo tse laoloang.
Ho phaella moo, ho fokotseha ha ore ea chromite (FeCr tse peli O TSONA) maemong a alkaline oxidative e hlahisa metallurgical-grade Cr ₂ O tse tharo tse sebelisitsoeng ho li-refractories le li-pigments..
Bakeng sa likopo tse sebetsang hantle haholo, mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea ho kopanya e kang ho sebetsana le sol-gel, ho tjhesa synthesis, le mekhoa ea hydrothermal e nolofalletsa taolo e ntle holim'a morphology, bokhabane, le porosity.
Mekhoa ena e bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho theha nanostructured Cr ₂ O five e nang le sebaka se ntlafalitsoeng bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa catalysis kapa ho utloa lisebelisoa..
2.2 Thin-Film Deposition le Epitaxial Khōlo
Maemong a elektroniki le optoelectronic, Cr two O two e fetisetsoa khafetsa joalo ka filimi e tšesaane e sebelisang mouoane oa 'mele (PVD) mekhoa e joalo ka ho fafatsa kapa mouoane oa electron-beam.
Ho beha mouoane oa lik'hemik'hale (CVD) le ho beha lera la athomo (ALD) fana ka taolo e phahameng ea ho lumellana le ho teteana, ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho kopanya Cr ₂ O ₃ ho lisebelisoa tsa microelectronic.
Kholo ea Epitaxial ea Cr two O tse tšeletseng ho li-substrates tse tsamaellanang le lattice joalo ka α-Al two O three kapa MgO e nolofalletsa ho thehoa ha lifilimi tsa kristale e le 'ngoe tse nang le mathata a fokolang., ho etsa hore ho khonehe bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa meaho ea tlhaho ea makenete le ea dijithale.
Lifilimi tsena tsa boleng bo holimo li bohlokoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse hlahang ho li-spintronics le lisebelisoa tsa memristive, moo boleng bo holimo ba sefahleho bo otlolohileng bo susumetsang ts'ebetso ea lisebelisoa.
3. Lisebelisoa tsa Indasteri le Tikoloho tsa Chromium Oxide
3.1 Mosebetsi e le Sehlahisoa se Resilient Pigment le Abrasive
E 'ngoe ea litšebeliso tsa khale le tse atileng haholo tsa Cr ₂ O Six e tšoana le pigment e bonolo ea tikoloho., ka nalane e tsejoang joalo ka “chrome-ba botsoalle” kapa “viridian” ka liphetho tse inahaneloang le tsa indasteri.
'Mala oa eona o feteletseng, UV botsitso, le ho hanyetsa ho fifala ho etsa hore e be e loketseng bakeng sa ho haha lipente, likhalase tsa ceramic, likonkreite tse tintiloeng, le li-colorants tsa polymer.
Ho fapana le li-pigments tse ling tsa tlhaho, Cr two O six ha e senyehe tlas'a khanya ea letsatsi e telele kapa mocheso, ho netefatsa bokgabane bo nkang nako e telele.
Lits'ebetsong tse thata, Cr two O three e sebelisoa ho bentša lintho bakeng sa khalase, litšepe, le likarolo tsa optical ka lebaka la ho thatafala ha eona (Mohs boima ba ~ 8– 8.5) le tšobotsi e ntle ea likaroloana.
E ka tšeptjoa ka ho khetheha mekhoeng e nepahetseng ea ho roala le ho tlatsa mekhoa moo ho hlokahalang tšenyo ea bokaholimo.
3.2 Sebelisa ho Refractories le Liaparo tse Phahameng tsa Mocheso o Phahameng
Cr ₂ O two ke karolo ea bohlokoa ho thepa ea refractory e sebelisoang ho etsa tšepe, tlhahiso ea likhalase, le libono tsa konkreite, moo e fanang ka khanyetso ho thaw slags, tshoso ya mocheso, le likhase tse senyang.
Ntho ea eona e phahameng ea ho qhibiliha (~ 2435 °C) le ho se sebetse ha lik'hemik'hale ho e nolofalletsa ho boloka botšepehi ba sebopeho maemong a leholimo a matla.
Ha li kopantsoe le Al ₂ O tse peli ho theha li-refractories tsa chromia-alumina, sehlahisoa se bonts'a matla a matla a mochini le ho hanyetsa ho senyeha.
Holim'a moo, plasma-sprayed Cr two O five finishings e sebelisoa ho mahare a turbine, pompo litiiso, le li-shutoffs ho matlafatsa khanyetso ea ho roala le ho lelefatsa nako ea bophelo lits'ebetsong tse mabifi tsa khoebo.
4. Likarolo tse Hlahang ho Catalysis, Spintronics, le Lisebelisoa tsa Memristive
4.1 Mosebetsi oa Catalytic ho Dehydrogenation le Tokiso ea Tikoloho
Le hoja Cr Two O tharo hangata e nkoa e le inert ea lik'hemik'hale, e bonts'a ts'ebetso ea matla ho lintlha tsa karabelo, haholo-holo mekhoeng ea alkane dehydrogenation.
Dehydrogenation ea indasteri ea lp ho propylene– mohato oa bohlokoa tlhahisong ea polypropylene– hangata e sebelisa Cr two O four e tšehelitsoeng holim'a alumina (Cr/Al two O MANNE) joalo ka mokhanni ea sebetsang.
Tabeng ena, Liwebsaete tsa Cr TWO ⁺ li thusa ka C– H bond activation, ha oxide e matrix e boloka mefuta ea chromium e hasaneng mme e sireletsa khahlano le oxidation e feteletseng..
Ts'ebetso ea "catalyst" e na le maikutlo a matla haholo ha chromium e kenya, mocheso oa calcination, le maemo a phokotso, e amang boemo ba oxidation le boemo ba khokahano ea marang-rang a mahlahahlaha.
Li-petrochemicals tse fetileng, Lisebelisoa tse thehiloeng ho Cr two O ₃ li sibolloa bakeng sa ho senyeha ha photocatalytic ea chefo ea tlhaho le carbon monoxide oxidation., Haholo-holo ha e entsoe ka litšepe tsa phetoho kapa e kopantsoe le li-semiconductors ho ntlafatsa ho arohana ha litšenyehelo.
4.2 Likopo ho Spintronics le Resistive Changing Memory
Cr Two O six e hlile e khahliloe ke lisebelisoa tsa dijithale tsa moloko o latelang ka lebaka la thepa ea eona e ikhethang ea bolulo le motlakase..
Ke paradigmatic antiferromagnetic insulator e nang le linear magnetoelectric sephetho, e bontšang hore matla a eona a khoheli a ka laoloa ke sebaka sa motlakase le ka tsela e fapaneng.
Thepa ena e thusa nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa tsa antiferromagnetic spintronic tse ke keng tsa ts'oaroa habonolo ke masimo a kantle a motlakase mme li matha ka lebelo le phahameng ka ts'ebeliso e tlase ea matla..
Likarolo tsa likarolo tse thehiloeng ho Cr Two O FOUR le litsamaiso tsa khethollo ea phapanyetsano li ntse li etsoa lipatlisiso bakeng sa memori e sa fetoheng le lisebelisoa tsa logic..
Ho phaella moo, Cr two O five e bonts'a boitšoaro ba ho hopola– phetoho ea ho hanyetsa e hlahisoang ke masimo a motlakase– ho etsa tebello ya ho hanana le mohopolo wa phihlello feela (ReRAM).
Mochine o fetohang o bakoa ke ho falla ha sekheo sa oksijene le mekhoa ea li-interfacial redox, e fetolang conductivity ea lera la oxide.
Bokhoni bona bo beha Cr two O ₃ ka pele ho boithuto ho meaho ea likhomphutha tse fetang silicon..
Ka kakaretso, chromium(III) oxide e feta karolo ea eona e tloaelehileng joalo ka pigment e bonolo kapa sehlahisoa sa refractory, e hlahang joalo ka sehlahisoa se sebetsang ka bongata ka mabitso a mahlale a mahlale a macha.
Motsoako oa eona oa toughness ea meralo, ts'ebeliso ea elektronike, le ts'ebetso ea sefahleho e etsa hore ho khonehe bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng ho tloha ho liindasteri ho ea ho lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tse bululetsoeng ke quantum..
Joalo ka mokhoa oa ho kopanya le oa sebopeho, nts'etsopele, Cr two O two e boemong ba ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa haholo tlhahisong ea moshoelella, phetoho ea matla, le infotech ea moloko o latelang.
5. Mofani
TRUNNANO ke morekisi oa Spherical Tungsten Powder e nang le over 12 lilemo tsa boiphihlelo ba ho boloka matla a nano-building le nts'etsopele ea nanotechnology. E amohela tefo ka Credit Card, T/T, West Union le Paypal. Trunnano e tla romella thepa ho bareki ba mose ho maoatle ka FedEx, DHL, ka moea, kapa ka lewatle. Haeba u batla ho tseba haholoanyane ka Spherical Tungsten Powder, ka kopo ikutloe u lokolohile ho ikopanya le rona le ho romela potso([email protected]).
Li-tag: Chromium oxide, Cr₂O₃, Chromium oxide e phahameng e hloekileng
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