1. I-Basic Chemistry kanye Nekhwalithi Yesakhiwo ye-Chromium(III) I-oxide
1.1 I-Crystallographic Framework kanye ne-Electronic Setup
(I-Chromium oxide)
I-Chromium(III) i-oxide, ngokwekhemikhali ichazwa ngokuthi i-Cr two O FOUR, iyinhlanganisela ye-thermodynamically steady inorganic eyingxenye yomndeni wama-shift steel oxides abonisa kokubili izici ze-ionic ne-covalent..
Icwebezela esakhiweni sedayimane, i-lattice ye-rhombohedral (iqembu legumbi R-3c), lapho i-ion ye-chromium ngayinye isebenza nge-octahedally ngama-athomu omoya-mpilo ayisithupha, futhi umoya-mpilo ngamunye uzungezwe ama-athomu amane e-chromium ngohlelo olusondelene.
Lo mqondo wezakhiwo, kwabelwane no-α-Fe ababili O THATHU (i-hematite) kanye no-Al Two O ₃ (i-corundum), udlula ubulukhuni bemishini obumangalisayo, ukuphepha okushisayo, kanye nokumelana kwamakhemikhali ku-Cr ₂ O SIX.
Ukucushwa kwedijithali kwe-Cr FOUR ⁺ kuyinto [Ar] 3d³, nasendaweni yekristalu ye-octahedral ye-oxide latticework, i 3 ama-d-electron athatha amandla aphansi we-t ₂ g orbitals, okuholela esimweni sokujikeleza okuphezulu nokuxhumana okukhulu kokushintshisana.
Lokhu kusebenzisana kudala ukuhleleka kwe-antiferromagnetic okubalwe ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa le-Néel elizungezile 307 K, nakuba i-ferromagnetism ebuthakathaka ingabonwa ngenxa yokushintshanisa i-canting ezinhlotsheni ezithile ze-nanostructured.
I-bandgap ebanzi ye-Cr ₂ O FOUR– kusukela 3.0 ku 3.5 eV– iyenza i-insulator kagesi ene-resistivity ephezulu, ukwenza kube sobala ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo ngefilimu elincanyana kuyilapho kubonisa indawo emnyama evumelana nemvelo ngobuningi ngenxa yokumuncwa okuqinile ezindaweni ezibomvu neziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zobubanzi.
1.2 Ukuvikeleka kwe-Thermodynamic nokuzwela kwendawo
I-Cr ₂ O ₃ ingenye nje yama- oxide angenayo amakhemikhali aqondwa kakhulu, ukubonisa ukumelana okuphawulekayo kuma-asidi, ama-alkali, kanye ne-high-temperature oxidation.
Lokhu kuvikeleka kuvela ku-Cr– O amabhondi kanye ne-solubility ephansi ye-oxide kuzilungiselelo zoketshezi, okubuye kube nomthelela ekuphikeleleni kwayo kwezemvelo kanye nokuncipha kwe-bioavailability.
Nokho, ngaphansi kwezinkinga ezimbi kakhulu– njenge-concentrated sulfuric efudumele noma i-hydrofluoric acid– I-Cr ₂ O eyisithupha ingancibilika kancane kancane, ukwakha usawoti we-chromium.
Ingaphezulu le-Cr ₂ O five liyi-amphoteric, ngekhono lokuxhumana nazo zombili izinhlobo ezine-asidi nezijwayelekile, evumela ukusetshenziswa kwayo njengosekelo oluvuselelayo noma ezinhlelweni zokushintshisana nge-ion.
( I-Chromium oxide)
Amaqembu e-hydroxyl angaphezulu (– OH) ingakha nge-hydration, ethinta izenzo zayo zokukhanga eziya kuma-ion ensimbi, ama-molecule e-organic, namagesi.
Ezinhlotsheni ze-nanocrystalline noma zefilimu elincanyana, ukukhuphuka kwesilinganiso sendawo ukuya kuvolumu kuthuthukisa ukuzwela kwendawo engaphezulu, okuvumela ukusebenza kahle noma i-doping ukuze ivumelane nezakhiwo zayo ze-catalytic noma zedijithali.
2. Izindlela Zokuhlanganisa Nokuphatha Zezicelo Ezingokoqobo
2.1 Imizila Yokukhiqiza Yendabuko Nethuthukisiwe
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Cr two O three kunweba uhla lwezindlela, ukusuka ekubalweni kwesikali sezimboni ukuya ekufakweni kwefilimu encane enembayo.
Inkambo evamile yokuhweba ihilela ukubola okushisayo kwe-ammonium dichromate ((NH ₄)₂ Cr Two O ₇) noma i-chromium trioxide (CrO SIX) emazingeni okushisa ngaphezulu 300 °C, ikhiqiza i-high-purity Cr ₂ O impushana emibili enobukhulu besiqephu esilawulwayo.
Ukwengeza, ukwehla kwe-chromite ores (FeCr ezimbili O EZINE) kuzilungiselelo ze-alkaline oxidative kukhiqiza i-metallurgical-grade Cr ₂ O ezintathu ezisetshenziswe kuma-refractories kanye nemibala..
Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, amasu okuhlanganisa athuthukile njengokuphatha i-sol-gel, ukuvutha synthesis, kanye nezindlela zokushiswa kwe-hydrothermal zinika amandla ukulawula okuhle kwe-morphology, ubucwebe, kanye ne-porosity.
Lezi zindlela ziwusizo ikakhulukazi ekudaleni i-nanostructured Cr ₂ O emihlanu enendawo ethuthukisiwe ye-catalysis noma izinhlelo zokusebenza zeyunithi.
2.2 I-Thin-Film Deposition kanye Nokukhula kwe-Epitaxial
Ezimweni ze-electronic kanye ne-optoelectronic, I-Cr two O two ivamise ukudluliselwa njengefilimu encane esebenzisa ukufakwa komhwamuko obonakalayo (I-PVD) amasu anjenge-sputtering noma ukuhwamuka kwe-electron-beam.
Ukufakwa komhwamuko wamakhemikhali (I-CVD) kanye nokubekwa kwesendlalelo se-athomu (I-ALD) ukunikeza ukuhambisana okuphakeme nokulawula ukuminyana, kubalulekile ekuhlanganiseni i-Cr ₂ O ₃ kumathuluzi e-microelectronic.
Ukukhula kwe-Epitaxial kwe-Cr two O eziyisithupha kuma-substrates afana ne-lattice afana ne-α-Al two O three noma i-MgO kwenza ukwakheka kwamafilimu ekristalu eyodwa anezinkinga ezincane, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ocwaningweni lwamabhilidi kazibuthe nedijithali.
Lawa mafilimu ekhwalithi ephezulu abalulekile ekuveleni kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kumagajethi we-spintronics namagajethi enkumbulo, lapho okuqondile kwekhwalithi ephezulu yokuhlangana kuthonya ukusebenza kwegajethi.
3. Izicelo Zezimboni Nezemvelo ze-Chromium Oxide
3.1 Umsebenzi Njenge-Pigment Eqinile Nomkhiqizo Oqhumayo
Okunye kokusetshenziswa okudala nokuvame kakhulu kwe-Cr ₂ O Six kufana ne-eco-friendly pigment., ngokomlando eyaziwa ngokuthi “chrome-friendly imvelo” noma “i-viridian” ekuqedeni okucatshangelwayo nezimboni.
Umbala wayo owedlulele, Ukuzinza kwe-UV, futhi ukumelana nokufiphala kuyenza ilungele ukwakha opende, ama-glazes e-ceramic, amakhonkrithi anombala, kanye nama-polymer colorants.
Ngokungafani nezinye izingulube zemvelo, I-Cr two O six ayiwohloki ngaphansi kokukhanya kwelanga okunwetshiwe noma ukushisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kobuhle obuhlala isikhathi eside.
Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezinzima, I-Cr two O three isetshenziswa ezintweni zokupholisha ingilazi, izinsimbi, kanye nezakhi ze-optical ngenxa yokuqina kwayo (Mohs ubulukhuni be ~ 8– 8.5) kanye nobukhulu bezinhlayiyana ezinhle.
Ithembeke ngokukhethekile ekugqitshweni okunembayo nasekuqedeni izinqubo lapho kudingeka khona ukulimala kwendawo engaphansi.
3.2 Sebenzisa kuma-Refractories kanye ne-High-Temperature Coatings
I-Cr ₂ O two iyingxenye ebalulekile ezintweni eziphikisayo ezisetshenziswa ekwenzeni insimbi, ukukhiqiza ingilazi, kanye neziko zikakhonkolo, lapho inikeza ukumelana nama-slags ancibilikayo, ukushaqeka okushisayo, namagesi abhubhisayo.
Isici sayo esiphezulu sokuncibilika (~ 2435 °C) kanye nokungangeni kwamakhemikhali kuyenza ikwazi ukugcina ubuqotho besakhiwo ezindaweni ezibucayi.
Uma kuhlanganiswe ne-Al ₂ O okubili ukwenza ama-chromia-alumina refractories, umkhiqizo ubonisa ukuqina kwemishini okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokumelana nokonakala.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, I-plasma-sprayed Cr two O five finishings isetshenziswa kuma-turbine blades, futha izimpawu, kanye nama-shutoffs ukukhulisa ukumelana nokuguga nokwelula ubude besikhathi sempilo ekusethweni kwezentengiselwano ezinobutha.
4. Izindima Ezisafufusa ku-Catalysis, I-Spintronics, kanye namathuluzi we-Memristive
4.1 Umsebenzi we-Catalytic ku-Dehydrogenation kanye nokulungiswa kwemvelo
Nakuba i-Cr Two O three ngokuvamile ibhekwa njenge-inert yamakhemikhali, ibonisa umsebenzi we-catalytic emininingwaneni yokusabela, ikakhulukazi ezinqubweni ze-alkane dehydrogenation.
I-Industrial dehydrogenation ye-lp kuya ku-propylene– isinyathelo esibalulekile ekukhiqizeni i-polypropylene– ngokuvamile isebenzisa i-Cr two O four esekelwe ku-alumina (Cr/Al two O EZINE) njengomshayeli osebenzayo.
Kulo mongo, Amasayithi we-Cr TWO ⁺ asiza ngo-C– H ukusebenza kwebhondi, kuyilapho i-oxide matrix igcina izinhlobo ze-chromium ehlakazekile futhi ivikela ekufakweni kwe-oxidation ngokweqile..
Ukusebenza kwe-catalyst kuzwela kakhulu ekulayisheni kwe-chromium, lokushisa calcination, kanye nezimo zokunciphisa, ezithinta isimo se-oxidation kanye nokuhlelwa kokuxhumana kwamawebhusayithi anamandla.
Amakhemikhali e-petrochemicals edlule, Izinto ezisekelwe ku-Cr two O ₃ zitholwa ukuwohloka kwe-photocatalytic yobuthi bemvelo kanye ne-carbon monoxide oxidation, ikakhulukazi uma kufakwe izinsimbi ezishintshayo noma kubhangqwe nama-semiconductors ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhlukaniswa kwezindleko.
4.2 Izicelo ku-Spintronics kanye ne-Resistive Changing Memory
I-Cr Two O six isithole ukunakwa kumathuluzi edijithali esizukulwane esilandelayo ngenxa yezindawo zayo zokuhlala ezihlukile kazibuthe nezikagesi..
Kuyi-paradigmatic antiferromagnetic insulator enomphumela oqondile wemagnetoelectric, okubonisa ukuhleleka kwayo kazibuthe kungalawulwa yinkundla kagesi futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.
Lesi sakhiwo sinika amandla ukuthuthukiswa kwamathuluzi e-antiferromagnetic spintronic angenakuthinteka ezinkambeni zangaphandle ze-electromagnetic futhi agijima ngesivinini esikhulu ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi..
Amaphaseji asekelwe ku-Cr Two O FOUR kanye nezinhlelo zobandlululo zokushintshana ziyaphenywa ukuze kutholakale inkumbulo engaguquki kanye namagajethi anengqondo..
Ukwengeza, I-Cr two O five ibonisa ukuziphatha okukhumbulayo– ukushintsha ukumelana okukhiqizwa amasimu kagesi– okwenza kube ithemba lokumelana nenkumbulo yokufinyelela okungahleliwe (I-ReRAM).
Ukushintsha kwendlela kubangelwa ukufuduka kwezikhala ze-oxygen kanye nezinqubo ze-interfacial redox, eguqula ukuqhutshwa kongqimba lwe-oxide.
Lawa makhono abeka i-Cr two O ₃ phambili ocwaningweni lwezakhiwo zamakhompiyutha ezingaphezu kwe-silicon..
Ngokufigqiwe, i-chromium(III) i-oxide idlula indima yayo evamile njenge-pigment elula noma isithasiselo esiphikisayo, evelayo njengomkhiqizo onemisebenzi eminingi emagameni wesizinda sobuchwepheshe obusha.
Inhlanganisela yayo yokuqina kwezakhiwo, i-electronic tunability, kanye nomsebenzi ohlanganisa ubuso kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza zihluke kusuka ku-industrial catalysis kuya kumishini kagesi ephefumulelwe i-quantum.
Njengokuthuthukiswa kwamasu okuhlanganisa kanye nezinhlamvu, I-Cr two O two ibekwe esikhundleni sokudlala umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni okuqhubekayo, ukuguqulwa kwamandla, kanye ne-infotech yesizukulwane esilandelayo.
5. Umhlinzeki
U-TRUNNO ungumphakeli we-Spherical Tungsten Powder ene-over 12 Iminyaka yokuhlangenwe nakho kwe-nano-building energy ukongiwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-nanotechnology. Yamukela inkokhelo ngekhadi lesikweletu, T/T, I-West Union ne-Paypal. I-Trunnano izothumela izimpahla kumakhasimende aphesheya kwezilwandle nge-FedEx, I-DHL, ngomoya, noma ngolwandle. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe nge-Spherical Tungsten Powder, sicela ukhululeke ukuxhumana nathi futhi uthumele uphenyo([email protected]).
Omaka: I-Chromium oxide, I-Cr₂O₃, I-High-Purity Chromium Oxide
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