1. Kiimikada aasaasiga ah iyo tayada qaabdhismeedka Chromium(III) oksaydh
1.1 Qaab-dhismeedka Crystallographic iyo Habaynta Elektarooniga ah
(Chromium oxide)
Chromium(III) oksaydh, kiimiko ahaan lagu tilmaamay sida Cr two O AFAR, waa dhisme aan dabiici ahayn oo heerkulbeeg ah oo ay iska leeyihiin qoyska oksaydhyada birta ah ee isbeddelka ah oo muujiya sifooyin ionic iyo kuwa koban..
Waxa ay ka soo dhalaalaysaa qaabka dheemanka, shabag rhombohedral ah (kooxda qolka R-3c), halkaas oo ion kasta oo chromium uu si octahedrally ah uga shaqeeyo lix atamka oksijiinta, Ogsajiin kastana waxa ku hareeraysan afar atamka chromium oo isku xidhan.
Fikraddan qaab dhismeedka, lala wadaago α-Fe laba O SADDEX (hematite) iyo Al Two O ₃ (korundum), gudbiyaa adkaanshaha farsamada ee cajiibka ah, ilaalinta kulaylka, iyo caabbinta kiimikaad ee Cr ₂ O SIX.
Qaabeynta dhijitaalka ah ee Cr FOUR waa [Ar] 3d³, iyo in aagga crystal octahedral ee latticework oxide, ah 3 d-electrons waxay ku jiraan tamarta hoose t ₂ g orbitals, taasoo keentay in uu jiro xaalad aad u saraysa oo leh isgaarsiin is dhaafsi badan.
Is dhexgalkaani waxa ay dhaliyaan dalabka antiferromagnetic ee hoos ku xusan heerkulka Néel ee agagaarka 307 K, in kasta oo feromagnetism daciif ah la arki karo iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay isbeddelka isbeddelka gaar ahaan noocyada nanostructured.
Farqiga ballaaran ee Cr ₂ O AFAR– u dhexeeya 3.0 ku 3.5 eV– wuxuu ka dhigayaa dahaye koronto leh oo iska caabin sare leh, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid hufan oo iftiin muuqata leh oo ah nooca filimaanta khafiifka ah iyada oo la muujinayo jawi mugdi ah oo saaxiibtinimo leh oo badan taasoo keentay nuugista adag ee gobollada casaanka iyo buluugga ah ee kala duwan.
1.2 Amniga Thermodynamic iyo Dareenka Dusha sare
Cr ₂ O ₃ waa uun mid ka mid ah oksaydhyada ugu kiimikaad ahaan aan la fahmin, Muujinaya caabbinta cajiibka ah ee aashitada, alkalis, iyo oksaydhaynta heerkulka sare.
Nabadgelyadani waxay ka imanaysaa Cr– O bonds iyo milanka hoose ee oksaydhka ee goobaha dareeraha ah, taas oo sidoo kale gacan ka geysata adkaysigeeda deegaanka iyo hoos u dhaca noolaha.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhibaatooyin aad u daran– sida sulfuric diirran ama hydrofluoric acid– Cr ₂ O six ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u dareeri kara, samaynta cusbada chromium.
Dusha sare ee Cr₂ O shan waa amphoteric, iyada oo awoodda isdhexgalka la leh noocyada aashitada iyo kuwa caadiga ah labadaba, Kaas oo awood u siinaya adeegsigiisa taageero kiciya ama codsiyada is-dhaafsiga ion.
( Chromium oxide)
Kooxaha dusha sare ee hydroxyl (– OH) waxay ku samaysan kartaa fuuq-bax, saameynaya ficilladeeda adsorption ee ku wajahan ion birta, molecules organic, iyo gaasaska.
In nanocrystalline ama noocyada filimada khafiifka ah, korodhka saamiga korka-ilaa-mugga wuxuu kor u qaadaa dareenka aagga, u oggolaanaya hawl-qabad ama doping si loogu habeeyo sifooyinkeeda catalytic ama dhijitaalka ah.
2. Hababka Habraaca iyo Habraaca Habboon ee Codsiga Waxqabadka ah
2.1 Waddooyin wax-soo-saar dhaqameed iyo horumarsan
Soo saarista Cr two O three waxay fidisaa habab kala duwan, laga bilaabo calcination-ka-warshadaynta ilaa saxnaanta filim khafiif ah.
Koorsada ganacsiga ee caadiga ah waxay ku lug leedahay suuska kulaylka ee ammonium dichromate ((NH ₄)₂ Cr Laba O ₇) ama chromium trioxide (CRO LIX) heerkulku wuu dhaafay 300 ° C, dhalinaya daahir sare Cr ₂ O laba budo ah oo leh cabbir jajab ah oo habaysan.
Intaa waxaa dheer, hoos u dhaca macdanta chromite (FeCr laba O AFAR) Goobaha oksaydhiyaha ee alkaline waxay soo saartaa heerka birta ah ee Cr ₂ O saddex oo loo isticmaalo refractories iyo pigments.
Codsiyada waxqabadka sare leh, Xeeladaha isku dhafka ah ee horumaray sida maaraynta sol-gel, abuurka gubanaya, iyo hababka kulaylka biyaha ayaa awood u siinaya in si fiican loo xakameeyo qaab-dhismeedka, crystallinity, iyo porosity.
Farsamooyinkani waxay si gaar ah faa'iido u leeyihiin abuurista nanostructured Cr ₂ O shan oo leh dusha sare ee kor loogu qaadayo codsiyada unugyada dareenka.
2.2 Dhigista Filimka dhuuban iyo Kobaca Epitaxial
Marka la eego xaaladaha elektarooniga ah iyo optoelectronic, Cr two O two waxaa si joogta ah loogu wareejiyaa sida filim caato ah oo la isticmaalayo uumiga jirka (PVD) farsamooyinka sida sputtering ama uumi-beam elektaroonik ah.
Dhigista uumiga kiimikada (CVD) iyo dhigaalka lakabka atomiga (ALD) bixiyaan hab-raac heersare ah iyo xakamayn cufnaanta, muhiim u ah isku dhafka Cr ₂ O ₃ qalabyada microelectronic.
Kobaca Epitaxial ee Cr two O6 ee substrates-ku-habboon sida α-Al two O three ama MgO waxay awood u siinaysaa sameynta filimo hal-crystal ah oo leh arrimo yar., taasoo suurtogal ka dhigaysa cilmi-baarista dhismayaasha magnetic iyo dhijitaalka ah ee gudaha.
Filimadan tayada sare leh ayaa muhiim u ah soo kicinta codsiyada spintronics iyo aaladaha xusuusta leh, halkaasoo tayada sare ee isdhaafsiga tooska ah ay saameyn ku yeelato waxqabadka qalabka.
3. Codsiyada Warshadaha iyo Deegaanka ee Chromium Oxide
3.1 Waajibku sida Midabka Adkaysta iyo Badeecada Xadhkaha leh
Mid ka mid ah isticmaalka ugu da'da weyn uguna baahsan ee Cr ₂ O Six waa sida midab deegaan-saaxiibtinimo, taariikh ahaan loo yaqaan “chrome deegaanka-saaxiibtinimo” ama “viridian” ku dhammays male-awaal iyo warshadeed.
Midabkeeda xad dhaafka ah, xasiloonida UV, iyo iska caabbinta libdhida ayaa ka dhigaysa mid ku habboon dhisidda rinjiga, muraayadaha dhoobada, shubka madow, iyo midabada polymer.
Si ka duwan midabada dabiiciga ah qaarkood, Cr two O six kuma xumaato iftiinka qorraxda ama kulaylka, hubinta adkeynta bilicda ee waarta.
Codsiyada qallafsan, Cr two O three waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo nadiifiyo walxaha galaaska, biraha, iyo xubno indho-indhayn ah oo ka dhashay adkaanshihiisa (Adkeysiga Mohs ee ~ 8– 8.5) iyo cabbirka qayb yar.
Waxaa si gaar ah loogu kalsoon yahay dhaqdhaqaajinta saxda ah iyo dhamaystirka habraacyada halka loo baahan yahay burburka dusha sare.
3.2 U adeegso Wareejiyeyaasha iyo Dahaarka Heerkulka Sare
Cr ₂ O laba waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah walxaha dib-u-celinta ee loo isticmaalo samaynta birta, wax soo saarka dhalada, iyo foorno shub ah, halkaas oo ay ka bixiso caabbinta dhalaasha, shoog kulaylka, iyo gaasas wax burburiya.
Its arrin dhalaalaysa sare (~ 2435 ° C) iyo qallafsanaanta kiimikadu waxay u saamaxdaa inay ku ilaaliso sharafta qaabdhismeedka jawiga daran.
Marka lagu daro Al ₂ O laba si loo sameeyo refractories chromia-alumina, alaabtu waxay muujinaysaa adkaanta farsamada oo la xoojiyay iyo iska caabbinta sii xumaanaysa.
Intaa waxaa dheer, balaasmaha lagu buufiyay Cr laba O shan dhamaystir ayaa lagu dabaqayaa marawaxadaha marawaxadaha, xirmooyinka bamka, iyo xidhitaannada si kor loogu qaado caabbinta xidhashada oo loo dheereeyo cimriga habaynta ganacsi ee cadawga leh.
4. Doorarka Soo ifbaxaya ee Catalysis, Spintronics, iyo Aaladaha xusuusta
4.1 Hawsha Catalytic ee fuuq-baxa iyo hagaajinta deegaanka
In kasta oo Cr Two O three sida caadiga ah la tixgeliyo kimikal ahaan aan firfircoonayn, waxay soo bandhigaysaa firfircooni firfircooni ah oo faahfaahsan falcelinno, gaar ahaan hababka fuuq-baxa alkane.
Fuuqbaxa warshadaha ee lp ilaa propylene– tallaabo muhiim u ah soosaarka polypropylene– inta badan waxay isticmaashaa Cr two O four oo ku xidhan aluminium (Cr/Al two O AFAR) sida darawalka firfircoon.
Xaaladdan oo kale, Cr TWO ⁺ goobood ayaa ka caawiya C– Dhaqdhaqaaqa dammaanadda H, halka matrix-ka oksaydhku uu ilaalinayo noocyada chromium ee kala firdhiyey kana ilaaliyo oksaydhka xad-dhaafka ah.
Waxqabadka kicinta ayaa aad xasaasi ugu ah rarka chromium, heerkulka calcination, iyo xaaladaha dhimista, kuwaas oo saameeya xaalada oksaydhka iyo iskudubarid ee shabakadaha tamarta leh.
Kiimikooyin petro-kii hore, Cr two O ₃ maaddooyinka ku salaysan ayaa loo helay photocatalytic ka sii xumaanaya sunta dabiiciga ah iyo oksaydhka carbon monoxide, gaar ahaan marka lagu daro biraha kala-guurka ama lagu lammaaniyo semiconductors si loo hagaajiyo kala qaybsanaanta kharashka.
4.2 Codsiyada ku jira Spintronics iyo Xusuusta Beddelka Resistive
Cr Two O6 ayaa dhab ahaantii dareen ku yeeshay aaladaha dhijitaalka ah ee soo socda sababtoo ah guryaha la deggan yahay ee magnetic iyo korontada.
Waa dahaye antiferromagnetic paradigmatic ah oo leh natiijadii magnetoelectric toosan, Muujinaya nidaamkiisa birlabeedka waxaa lagu xakameyn karaa goob koronto iyo lidkeeda.
Hantidani waxay awood u siinaysaa horumarinta qalabka loo yaqaan 'spintronic antiferromagnetic' kuwaas oo aan u nuglayn meelaha korantada ee dibadda oo ku socda xawaare sare iyadoo la adeegsanayo awood yar.
Cr Two O AFAR Isgoysyada marinka ku saleysan iyo nidaamyada nacaybka isdhaafsiga ayaa lagu baarayaa xusuusta aan xasilloonayn iyo aaladaha macquulka ah..
Intaa waxaa dheer, Cr two O shan waxa ay muujinayaan dabeecad xusuus leh– is-beddelka iska caabbinta ee ka dhasha beeraha korontada– taasoo ka dhigaysa rajo ka-hortagga xusuusta gelitaanka random-ka (ReRAM).
Habka isbeddelka ah waxaa loo aaneynayaa guuritaanka bannaan ee ogsajiinta iyo hababka dib-u-habaynta wejiyada dhexdooda, kaas oo wax ka beddela hab-dhaqanka lakabka oksaydhka.
Awoodahan meelaynta Cr two O ₃ ee safka hore ee daraasadda qaab-dhismeedka kombuyuutarrada silikon ka baxsan.
Marka la soo koobo, chromium(III) oksaydhisku waxa ay ka gudubtaa doorkeeda caadiga ah sida midabka fudud ama wax lagu daro, u soo baxaya sida badeecad shaqo badan leh oo magacyo domain farsamo oo cusub.
Isku dhafka adag ee dhismaha, tunability elegtaroonig ah, iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa wejiyada dhexdooda ah ayaa suurtogal ka dhigaya codsiyada ka duwan catalysis warshadaha ilaa qalabka elektiroonigga ah ee tirada.
Sida farsamaynta iyo sifooyinka horumarinta farsamooyinka, Cr two O two waxa loo taagan yahay inuu ka ciyaaro hawl muhiim ah oo sii kordheysa oo ah wax soo saar waara, beddelka tamarta, iyo infotech jiilka soo socda.
5. Bixiye
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Tags: Chromium oxide, Cr₂O₃, Chromium Oksaydh Nadiif Sare leh
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