1. Asalin Chemistry da Tsarin Tsarin Chromium(III) Oxide
1.1 Tsarin Crystallographic da Saitin Lantarki
(Chromium Oxide)
Chromium(III) oxide, sinadarai ana nuna su da Cr biyu YA HUDU, wani fili ne mai tsayayyen yanayin zafi wanda ke cikin dangin karfen karfe oxides wanda ke nuna duka halayen ionic da covalent.
Yana kyalli a cikin tsarin lu'u-lu'u, rhombohedral lattice (Rukunin dakin R-3c), inda kowane ion chromium yana aiki octahedrally tare da kwayoyin oxygen guda shida, kuma kowane oxygen yana kewaye da ƙwayoyin chromium guda huɗu a cikin tsari na kusa.
Wannan ra'ayi na gine-gine, raba tare da α-Fe biyu YA UKU (hematite) da Al Biyu O ₃ (corundum), wuce a kan ban mamaki inji taurin, thermal tsaro, da kuma juriya na sinadarai zuwa Cr ₂ O SIX.
Tsarin dijital na Cr HUDU shine [Ar] 3d ³, kuma a cikin octahedral crystal yankin na oxide latticework, da 3 d-electrons sun mamaye ƙananan makamashi t ₂ g orbitals, wanda ya haifar da yanayi mai girma tare da manyan hanyoyin sadarwa.
Waɗannan hulɗar suna haifar da odar antiferromagnetic da aka jera a ƙasa da zafin Néel na kewaye 307 K, ko da yake ana iya lura da raunin feromagnetism saboda juya canting musamman nanostructured iri.
Faɗin bandgap na Cr ₂ O HUDU– daga 3.0 ku 3.5 eV– ya sa ya zama insulator na lantarki tare da high resistivity, sanya shi a bayyane ga haske mai iya gani a cikin nau'in fim na bakin ciki yayin da yake nuna yanayin yanayi mai duhu a cikin adadi mai yawa sakamakon m sha a cikin ja da shuɗi na kewayon..
1.2 Tsaro na Thermodynamic da Ƙwararren Ƙwararru
Cr ₂ O ₃ daya ne daga cikin mafi yawan sinadarin inert oxides da aka fahimta., nuna juriya na ban mamaki ga acid, alkali, da kuma high-zazzabi oxidation.
Wannan tsaro ya taso ne daga m Cr– O shaidu da ƙarancin solubility na oxide a cikin saitunan ruwa, wanda hakanan yana ba da gudummawa ga juriyar yanayin muhalli da rage yanayin rayuwa.
Duk da haka, karkashin matsananciyar matsaloli– kamar dumama sulfuric ko hydrofluoric acid– Cr ₂ O shida na iya yin ruwa a hankali, kafa chromium salts.
Saman Cr ₂ O biyar amphoteric ne, tare da ikon yin hulɗa tare da nau'ikan acidic da daidaitattun nau'ikan, wanda ke ba da damar amfani da shi azaman tallafi mai ƙara kuzari ko a aikace-aikacen musayar ion.
( Chromium Oxide)
Surface hydroxyl kungiyoyin (– OH) zai iya samuwa tare da hydration, yana shafar ayyukan sa adsorption zuwa ions karfe, kwayoyin halitta, da gas.
A cikin nanocrystalline ko nau'in fim na bakin ciki, Ƙaƙƙarwar haɓaka-zuwa-ƙarar rabo yana haɓaka yanayin yanayin yanayi, ba da damar yin aiki ko doping don daidaita kaddarorin sa na kuzari ko dijital.
2. Ƙirƙiri da Hanyoyi na Sarrafa don Aiwatar da Ayyuka
2.1 Hanyoyi na Gargajiya da Na ci gaba
Samar da Cr two O uku yana haɓaka hanyoyi da yawa, daga ma'auni-ma'auni na masana'antu zuwa daidaiton jigon fim na bakin ciki.
Hanyar kasuwanci ta yau da kullun ta ƙunshi lalatawar zafin jiki na ammonium dichromate ((NH ₄)₂ Cr Biyu O₇) ko chromium trioxide (CRO SHIDA) a matakan zafin jiki ya wuce 300 ° C, samar da babban-tsarki Cr ₂ O foda biyu tare da kayyade girman juzu'i.
Bugu da kari, ragewar chromite ores (FeCr biyu YA HUDU) A cikin saitunan oxidative na alkaline yana samar da darajar ƙarfe-Cr ₂ O uku da aka yi amfani da su a cikin abubuwan da aka gyara da kuma pigments..
Don aikace-aikace masu inganci, dabarun hada-hadar ci gaba kamar sarrafa sol-gel, kona kira, da hanyoyin hydrothermal suna ba da damar iko mai kyau akan ilimin halittar jiki, crystallinity, da porosity.
Waɗannan fasahohin suna da amfani musamman don ƙirƙirar nanostructured Cr ₂ O biyar tare da ingantaccen saman don catalysis ko aikace-aikacen sashin ji.
2.2 Zubar Da Bakin Fim da Ci gaban Epitaxial
A cikin mahallin lantarki da optoelectronic, Cr two O biyu ana canjawa wuri akai-akai azaman siririyar fim da ake amfani da tururi ta jiki (PVD) dabaru irin su sputtering ko electron-beam evaporation.
Tsarin tururi na sinadarai (CVD) da atomic Layer ajiya (ALD) bayar da ingantaccen daidaituwa da iko mai yawa, mahimmanci don haɗa Cr ₂ O ₃ cikin kayan aikin microelectronic.
Ci gaban Epitaxial na Cr biyu O shida akan abubuwan da suka dace da lattice kamar α-Al two O uku ko MgO yana ba da damar ƙirƙirar fina-finai-crystal guda ɗaya tare da ƙananan batutuwa., yana ba da damar yin bincike na gine-ginen magnetic da na dijital.
Waɗannan fina-finai masu inganci suna da mahimmanci don haɓaka aikace-aikace a cikin spintronics da na'urori masu ƙima, inda ingantattun ingantattun fuskokin kai tsaye ke tasiri ga aikin na'urar.
3. Masana'antu da Aikace-aikacen Muhalli na Chromium Oxide
3.1 Aikin A Matsayin Mai Rarraba Pigment da Samfurin Abrasive
Ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffi kuma mafi yawan amfani da Cr ₂ O shida shine a matsayin pigment., a tarihi aka sani da “chrome muhalli-friendly” ko “viridian” a cikin hasashe da masana'antu ƙare.
Tsananin launi, kwanciyar hankali UV, da juriya ga faɗuwa ya sa ya zama cikakke don gina fenti, yumbu glazes, ruwan kwanon rufi, da kuma polymer colorants.
Ba kamar wasu al'amuran halitta ba, Cr two O shida baya lalacewa a ƙarƙashin tsawaita hasken rana ko zafi, tabbatar da dorewar kyawu tauri.
A cikin m aikace-aikace, Ana amfani da Cr two O uku a cikin abubuwan goge goge don gilashin, karfe, da abubuwan gani a sakamakon taurinsa (Taurin Mohs na ~ 8– 8.5) da m barbashi girma.
Yana da aminci musamman a cikin madaidaicin lapping da kammala hanyoyin inda ake buƙatar lalacewa ta gefe.
3.2 Yi amfani da su a cikin Refractories da Rubutun Zazzabi
Cr ₂ O biyu abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin kayan da ake amfani da su wajen yin ƙarfe, gilashin masana'anta, da kankare kilns, inda yake ba da juriya ga narke slags, thermal shock, da iskar gas masu halakarwa.
Its high narkewa factor (~ 2435 ° C) da rashin kuzarin sinadarai yana ba shi damar kiyaye mutuncin tsarin a cikin yanayi mai tsanani.
Lokacin da aka haɗa su da Al ₂ O biyu don samar da chromia-alumina refractories, samfurin yana nuna ingantaccen ƙarfin injina da juriya na lalacewa.
Bugu da kari, Ana fesa plasma-Cr biyu O biyar kammalawa a kan injin turbin, famfo like, da shutoffs don haɓaka juriya da tsawaita rayuwa a cikin saitin kasuwanci masu ƙiyayya.
4. Matsayi masu tasowa a cikin Catalysis, Spintronics, da Memristive Tools
4.1 Ayyukan Catalytic a cikin Dehydrogenation da Gyaran Muhalli
Ko da yake Cr Two O uku yawanci ana la'akari da rashin kuzarin sinadarai, yana nuna ayyukan catalytic a cikin cikakkun bayanai halayen, musamman a cikin hanyoyin dehydrogenation na alkane.
Dehydrogenation na masana'antu na lp zuwa propylene– muhimmin mataki a samar da polypropylene– akai-akai yana amfani da Cr biyu O huɗu masu dorewa akan alumina (Cr/Al biyu YA HUDU) a matsayin direba mai aiki.
A cikin wannan mahallin, Cr BIYU ⁺ shafuka suna taimakawa tare da C– H bond kunnawa, yayin da matrix oxide yana kula da nau'in chromium da aka tarwatsa kuma yana kare kariya daga over-oxidation.
Ayyukan mai haɓakawa yana da matukar damuwa ga lodin chromium, calcination zafin jiki, da yanayin raguwa, wanda ke shafar yanayin iskar oxygen da kuma daidaitawar rukunin yanar gizo masu kuzari.
Abubuwan da suka gabata petrochemicals, Cr biyu O ₃ kayan da aka gano don photocatalytic tabarbarewar halitta gubobi da carbon monoxide oxidation., musamman lokacin da aka yi amfani da su tare da karafa na canji ko kuma an haɗa su da semiconductor don inganta rarrabuwar farashin.
4.2 Aikace-aikace a cikin Spintronics da Resistive Canjin Ƙwaƙwalwa
Cr Two O6 ya sami kulawa a zahiri a cikin kayan aikin dijital na zamani na gaba saboda bambancin kaddarorinsa na maganadisu da lantarki..
Yana da insulator na antiferromagnetic paradigmatic tare da sakamakon magnetoelectric na linzamin kwamfuta, yana nuni da odar sa maganadisu za a iya sarrafa shi ta hanyar wutar lantarki da akasin haka.
Wannan kadarar tana ba da damar haɓaka kayan aikin spintronic na antiferromagnetic waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi ga filayen lantarki na waje kuma suna gudana cikin sauri tare da ƙarancin amfani..
Cr Biyu O HUƊU na tushen hanyar haɗin gwiwa da tsarin musanya ra'ayi ana bincika don ƙwaƙwalwar da ba ta da ƙarfi da na'urorin dabaru..
Bugu da kari, Cr two O biyar suna nuna hali na memristian– juriya da ke haifar da filayen lantarki– mai da shi haƙiƙa don tsayayya da ƙwaƙwalwar shiga bazuwar (ReRAM).
Ana danganta tsarin canza canjin zuwa ƙaura na buɗaɗɗen iskar oxygen da hanyoyin sake gyara fuska, wanda ke daidaita yanayin aiki na Layer oxide.
Wadannan iyawar sun sanya Cr biyu O ₃ a sahun gaba na nazari a cikin gine-ginen kwamfuta fiye da siliki..
a takaice, chromium(III) Oxide ya ƙetare matsayinsa na yau da kullun a matsayin mai sauƙi mai launi ko ƙari, yana fitowa azaman samfur mai aiki da yawa a cikin sabbin sunayen yanki na fasaha.
Haɗin sa na ƙarfin gine-gine, lantarki tunability, kuma ayyukan tsaka-tsaki suna ba da damar aikace-aikacen daban-daban daga catalysis na masana'antu zuwa na'urorin lantarki masu ƙididdigewa..
Kamar yadda kira da kuma halayyar fasaha ci gaba, Cr Two O biyu an sanya shi don yin aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin samarwa mai dorewa, canjin makamashi, da infotech na gaba.
5. Mai bayarwa
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Tags: Chromium Oxide, Cr₂O₃, Chromium Oxide mai Tsafta
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