1. Basic Chemistry uye Chimiro Hunhu hweChromium(III) Oxide
1.1 Crystallographic Framework uye Electronic Setup
(Chromium oxide)
Chromium(III) oxide, kemikari inoratidzwa seCr maviri O ZVINA, ndeye thermodynamically steady inorganic compound iyo yemhuri yeshift steel oxides inoratidza zvese ionic uye covalent hunhu..
Inopenya muchimiro chedhaimani, a rhombohedral lattice (kamuri boka R-3c), uko chromium ion yega yega inoshandiswa neoctahedally nemaatomu matanhatu eokisijeni, uye okisijeni yega yega yakakomberedzwa nemaatomu mana echromium muhurongwa hwapedyo.
Iyi pfungwa yekuvaka, yakagovaniswa na α-Fe maviri O MATATA (hematite) uye Al Two O ₃ (corundum), inopfuura pane phenomenal mechanical kuoma, thermal security, uye makemikari kuramba Cr ₂ O SIX.
Iyo dijitari kumisikidzwa yeCr FOUR ⁺ iri [Ar] 3d³, uye mune octahedral crystal nzvimbo ye oxide latticework, the 3 d-maerekitironi anotora yakaderera-simba t ₂ g orbitals, zvichiita kuti pave nepamusoro-soro mamiriro ane nhaurirano dzakawanda dzekuchinjana.
Kudyidzana uku kunogadzira antiferromagnetic kurongeka kwakanyorwa pazasi tembiricha yeNéel yekutenderedza 307 K, kunyangwe isina simba ferromagnetism inogona kucherechedzwa nekuda kwekutenderera canting mune mamwe nanostructured marudzi.
Iyo yakakura bandgap yeCr ₂ O FOUR– kubva 3.0 ku 3.5 eV– inoita kuti ive insulator yemagetsi ine high resistivity, kuita kuti ive pachena kune mwenje unooneka mune yakatetepa-firimu mhando ichiratidza yakasviba nharaunda-inoshamwaridzika muhuwandu semhedzisiro yekunyura kwakasimba munzvimbo dzvuku nebhuruu dzenzvimbo..
1.2 Thermodynamic Security uye Surface Sensitivity
Cr ₂ O ₃ ingori imwe yeakanyanya makemikari inert oxides anonzwisiswa, kuratidza kushorwa kunoshamisa kumaasidhi, alkalis, uye high-temperature oxidation.
Kuchengetedzeka uku kunobva kune yakasimba Cr– O zvisungo uye yakaderera solubility yeokisidhi muzvigadziro zvemvura, iyo inobatsirawo mukutsungirira kwayo kwezvisikwa uye kuderedza bioavailability.
Zvisinei, pasi pematambudziko akanyanya– zvakadai seyakadzika inodziya sulfuric kana hydrofluoric acid– Cr ₂ O matanhatu anogona kupera zvishoma nezvishoma, kugadzira chromium munyu.
Pamusoro peCr ₂ O shanu ndeye amphoteric, nekwaniso yekudyidzana neaviri acid uye akajairwa marudzi, iyo inogonesa kushandiswa kwayo sechitsigiro chinosimudzira kana muion-exchange application.
( Chromium oxide)
Surface hydroxyl mapoka (– OH) inogona kuumbwa ne hydration, inokanganisa maitiro ayo ekushambadza kune ayoni esimbi, organic mamorekuru, uye magasi.
Mune nanocrystalline kana mutete-firimu mhando, iyo yakawedzera pamusoro-kusvika-vhoriyamu reshiyo inowedzera pamusoro penzvimbo yekunzwa, kubvumira kushanda kana kuti doping kuti igadzirise yayo catalytic kana yedhijitari zvimiro.
2. Synthesis uye Mabatiro Nzira dzeKushanda Zvikumbiro
2.1 Tsika dzechinyakare uye dzepamberi dzekugadzira
Kugadzirwa kweCr maviri O matatu kunowedzera nzira dzakasiyana, kubva kuindasitiri-chiyero calcination kusvika kune yakaonda-firimu deposition.
Iyo yakajairika kosi yekutengeserana inosanganisira kuora kwekupisa kweammonium dichromate ((NH ₄)₂ Cr Two O ₇) kana chromium trioxide (CrO SIX) pamatembiricha pamusoro 300 °C, kubudisa high-purity Cr ₂ O mbiri poda ine regulated fragment dimension.
Uyezve, kuderera kwe chromite ores (FeCr maviri O ZVINA) mune alkaline oxidative marongero anoburitsa metallurgical-giredhi Cr ₂ O matatu akashandiswa mune refractories uye pigment..
Zvekushanda kwepamusoro-soro zvikumbiro, akafambira mberi nzira dzekugadzira senge sol-gel kubata, kupisa synthesis, uye nzira dze hydrothermal dzinogonesa kutonga kwakanaka pamusoro pe morphology, crystallinity, uye porosity.
Aya matekiniki anonyanya kubatsira pakugadzira nanostructured Cr ₂ O shanu ine yakagadziridzwa nzvimbo yecatalysis kana sensing unit application..
2.2 Thin-Film Deposition uye Epitaxial Kukura
Mumagetsi uye optoelectronic mamiriro, Cr maviri O maviri anowanzo fambiswa se slim firimu ichishandisa yemuviri mhute deposition (PVD) maitiro akadai sekusvipa kana electron-beam evaporation.
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) uye atomic layer deposition (ALD) kupa yepamusoro conformality uye density control, yakakosha pakubatanidza Cr ₂ O ₃ mumaturusi emagetsi.
Epitaxial kukura kweCr maviri O matanhatu pane lattice-inofananidzwa substrates senge α-Al maviri O matatu kana MgO inogonesa kuumbwa kweimwe-crystal mafirimu ane mashoma nyaya., zvichiita kuti kutsvagirwe kwemukati magineti uye dijitari zvivakwa.
Aya mafirimu emhando yepamusoro akakosha pakusimuka maapplication mune spintronics uye memristive gadget, uko interfacial yemhando yepamusoro yakatwasuka inokanganisa kuita kwegajeti.
3. Maindasitiri uye Zvezvakatipoteredza Zvishandiso zveChromium Oxide
3.1 Basa seResilient Pigment uye Abrasive Chigadzirwa
Imwe yekare uye yakanyanya kushandiswa kweCr ₂ O Yechitanhatu yakaita se eco-inoshamwaridzika pigment., kare yaizivikanwa se “chrome nharaunda-inoshamwaridzana” kana “viridian” mune zvekufungidzira uye zvemaindasitiri kupera.
Ruvara rwayo rwakanyanyisa, UV kugadzikana, uye kuramba kupera kunoita kuti ive yakakwana pakuvaka pendi, ceramic glazes, tinted concretes, uye polymer colorants.
Kusiyana nemamwe mavara echisikigo, Cr maviri O matanhatu haiparare pasi pezuva rakawedzerwa kana kupisa, kuve nechokwadi chekugara kwenguva refu aesthetic kuoma.
Mune rough applications, Cr maviri O matatu inoshandiswa mukukwenenzvera zvinhu zvegirazi, steels, uye optical elements semugumisiro wekuoma kwayo (Mohs kuoma kwe ~ 8– 8.5) uye yakanaka particle dimension.
Iyo yakanyatsovimbika mukunyatso lapping uye kupedzisa maitiro uko marginal kukuvara kwepasi kunodiwa.
3.2 Shandisa muRefractories uye High-Temperature Coatings
Cr ₂ O maviri chinhu chakakosha mune refractory zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mukugadzira simbi, kugadzira magirazi, uye hovhoni dzekongiri, uko kunopa kupikisa kune thaw slags, thermal shock, uye magasi anoparadza.
Yayo yakanyanya kunyungudika chinhu (~ 2435 °C) uye makemikari inertness inogonesa kuchengetedza kuvimbika kwechimiro mumhepo yakaoma.
Kana yasanganiswa neAl ₂ O maviri kugadzira chromia-alumina refractories, chigadzirwa chinoratidza kwakawedzera kusimba kwemechani uye kudzikira kuramba.
Pamusoro pe, plasma-yakapfapfaidzwa Cr maviri O shanu kupera anoiswa kune turbine blades, pombi zvisimbiso, uye shutoffs kuti uwedzere kusapfeka uye kurebesa hupenyu mumaseti ekutengesa ane hutsinye.
4. Emerging Mabasa muCatalysis, Spintronics, uye Memristive Tools
4.1 Catalytic Basa muDehydrogenation uye Environmental Remediation
Kunyange zvazvo Cr Two O matatu inowanzotorwa mukufunga kwemakemikari inert, inoratidza catalytic chiitiko mune zvakadzama maitiro, kunyanya mu alkane dehydrogenation maitiro.
Industrial dehydrogenation yelp kune propylene– danho rakakosha mukugadzirwa kwepolypropylene– kazhinji inoshandisa Cr maviri O ina inotsigirwa pane alumina (Cr/Al maviri O ZVINA) semutyairi anoshanda.
Muchirevo chechinyorwa ichi, Cr MBIRI ⁺ masaiti anobatsira neC– H bond activation, nepo iyo oxide matrix inochengetedza yakapararira chromium mhando uye inodzivirira kubva kune yakawandisa-oxidation..
Kuita kweiyo catalyst kunonzwa zvakanyanya kurodha chromium, calcination tembiricha, uye kuderedza mamiriro, iyo inobata iyo oxidation mamiriro uye kurongeka kwekumisikidza kwemawebhusaiti ane simba.
Kare petrochemicals, Cr mbiri O ₃-yakavakirwa zvinhu zvakawanikwa zvephotocatalytic kuderera kwehupfu hwechisikigo uye kabhoni monoxide oxidation., kunyanya kana yakasanganiswa nesimbi dzekuchinja kana kubatanidzwa nemasemiconductors kuti uvandudze kupatsanurwa kwemutengo.
4.2 Zvishandiso muSpintronics uye Resistive Changing Memory
Cr Two O nhanhatu yakanyatso kutariswa mune inotevera-chizvarwa maturusi edhijitari nekuda kweayo akasiyana magineti uye emagetsi ekugara zvivakwa..
Iyo paradigmatic antiferromagnetic insulator ine mutsara magnetoelectric mhedzisiro, ichiratidza kurongeka kwayo kwemagineti inogona kudzorwa nemunda wemagetsi uye zvinopesana.
Ichi chivakwa chinogonesa kuvandudzwa kweantiferromagnetic spintronic maturusi asingabatike kune ekunze magetsi emagetsi uye anomhanya nekumhanya kwakanyanya nekushomeka kwesimba kushandiswa..
Cr Zviviri O ZVINA-zvakavakirwa ndima junctions uye shanduko yerusaruro masisitimu ari kuferefetwa kune isina-inoshanduka ndangariro uye logic gadgets..
Uyezve, Cr maviri O shanu anoratidza hunhu hwekurangarira– kuramba kuchinja kunogadzirwa neminda yemagetsi– zvichiita kuti ive tarisiro yekudzivisa kusarongeka-kusvika ndangariro (ReRAM).
Iyo inoshandura nzira inonzi inokonzerwa neokisijeni vacancy migration uye interfacial redox maitiro, iyo inogadzirisa conductivity ye oxide layer.
Aya masimba anoisa Cr maviri O ₃ kumberi kwekudzidza kune anopfuura-silicon komputa architecture..
Muchidimbu, chromium(III) oxide inodarika basa rayo seyakareruka pigment kana refractory additive, kubuda sechigadzirwa chakawanda mune zvitsva zvehunyanzvi domain mazita.
Kusanganiswa kwayo kwekuoma kwekuvaka, electronic tunability, uye basa remukati rinoita kuti zvikwanisike kune zvikumbiro zvinosiyana kubva kumaindasitiri catalysis kusvika kuhuwandu-hwakafuridzirwa michina yemagetsi..
Sezvo synthesis uye characterization maitiro kukura, Cr maviri O maviri akamisikidzwa kutamba basa rinowedzera kukosha mukugadzirwa kwakasimba, kutendeuka kwesimba, uye chizvarwa chinotevera infotech.
5. Provider
TRUNNANO mutengesi weSpherical Tungsten Powder ine pamusoro 12 makore echiitiko mu nano-kuvaka simba kuchengetedza uye nanotechnology kusimudzira. Inobvuma kubhadhara kuburikidza neCredit Card, T/T, West Union uye Paypal. Trunnano ichaendesa zvinhu kune vatengi mhiri kwemakungwa kuburikidza neFedEx, DHL, nemhepo, kana nomugungwa. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve Spherical Tungsten Powder, ndapota inzwa wakasununguka kutibata nesu uye kutumira kubvunza([email protected]).
Tags: Chromium oxide, Cr₂O₃, Yakakwirira-Kuchena Chromium Oxide
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