1. IKhemistri esisiseko kunye noMgangatho woLwakhiwo lweChromium(III) Ioksidi
1.1 Isakhelo seCrystallographic kunye nokuSeta i-Electronic
(I-Chromium oxide)
Chromium(III) ioksidi, ngokwekhemikhali ichazwa njenge Cr ezimbini O EZINE, Yikhompawundi ye-thermodynamically steady inorganic eyeyentsapho yeshift steel oxides ebonisa iimpawu ze-ionic kunye ne-covalent..
Ikhazimlisa kwisakhiwo sedayimani, ileti yerhombohedral (igumbi iqela R-3c), apho i-chromium ion nganye isetyenzwa nge-octahedral ngeeathom zeoksijini ezintandathu, kwaye ioksijini nganye ijikelezwe ziiathom ezine zechromium kulungiselelo olusondeleleneyo.
Le ngcamango yoyilo, kwabelwana no-α-Fe ezimbini O ZINTATHU (hematite) kunye no-Al Two O ₃ (icorundum), ugqitha kubulukhuni obumangalisayo bomatshini, ukhuseleko thermal, kunye nokuchasana kweekhemikhali kwi-Cr ₂ O SIX.
Ubumbeko lwedijithali lwe Cr FOUR ⁺ yi [Ar] 3d³, kunye nendawo yekristale ye-octahedral ye-oxide latticework, i 3 I-d-electrons zithatha amandla asezantsi t ₂ g orbitals, okukhokelela kwimo ye-spin ephezulu enonxibelelwano olukhulu lotshintshiselwano.
Olu nxibelelwano luvelisa ulandelelwano lwe-antiferromagnetic oludweliswe ngaphantsi kobushushu beNéel ngeenxa zonke 307 K, Nangona i-ferromagnetism ebuthathaka inokujongwa ngenxa yokujikelezisa i-canting kwiintlobo ezithile ze-nanostructured.
Ibhendi ebanzi ye-Cr ₂ O EZINE– ukusuka kwi 3.0 ukuya 3.5 eV– yenza i-insulator yombane ene-resistivity ephezulu, ukuyenza icace ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo kuhlobo lwefilimu ebhityileyo ngelixa ibonisa indawo emnyama-enobuhlobo ngobuninzi ngenxa yokufunxa okuqinileyo kwimimandla ebomvu nebhlowu kuluhlu..
1.2 UKhuseleko lwe-Thermodynamic kunye nokuSensitivity koMphezulu
I-Cr ₂ O ₃ yenye yezona zinto ziqondwayo kwi-inert oxides, Ukubonisa ukuxhathisa okumangalisayo kwiiasidi, iialkali, kunye ne-oxidation yobushushu obuphezulu.
Olu khuseleko luvela kwi-Cr eqinile– O iibhondi kunye ne-solubility ephantsi ye-oxide kwimimiselo yolwelo, elithi ngokunjalo libe negalelo ekuzingiseni kwayo kwendalo kunye nokunciphisa ukufumaneka kwezinto eziphilayo.
Nangona kunjalo, phantsi kweengxaki ezinzima– njenge-sulfuric efudumeleyo okanye i-hydrofluoric acid– I-Cr ₂ O isithandathu sinokuyinyibilikisa ngokuthe ngcembe, ukwenza iityuwa zechromium.
Umphezulu we-Cr ₂ O emihlanu i-amphoteric, ngokukwazi ukusebenzisana nazo zombini iintlobo ze-acidic kunye nemigangatho, eyenza ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengenkxaso evuselelayo okanye kwi-ion-exchange applications.
( I-Chromium oxide)
Amaqela e-hydroxyl angaphezulu (– OH) inokubumba nge-hydration, echaphazela izenzo zayo zokubhengeza kwi-ion zentsimbi, iimolekyuli eziphilayo, kunye neegesi.
Kwiintlobo ze-nanocrystalline okanye ifilimu encinci, umlinganiselo owandisiweyo womphezulu ukuya kumthamo wongeza ubuntununtunu bommandla womphezulu, ivumela ukwenziwa komsebenzi okanye idoping ukulungisa iipropathi zayo ze-catalytic okanye zedijithali.
2. Iindlela zokuHlanganisa kunye nokuPhathwa kwezicelo eziSebenzayo
2.1 IiNdlela zoMveliso zesiNtu kunye neziPhezulu
Ukuveliswa kweCr ezimbini O ezintathu kwandisa uluhlu lweendlela, ukusuka kwi-industrial-scale calcination ukuya ekuchanekeni kwefilimu encinci.
Eyona khosi iqhelekileyo yorhwebo ibandakanya ukubola okushushu kweammonium dichromate ((NH ₄)₂ Cr Two O ₇) okanye ichromium trioxide (CrO ESITHANDATHU) kumanqanaba obushushu ngaphezulu 300 °C, ukuvelisa i-high-purity Cr ₂ O i-powder emibini ene-dimension ye-fragment elawulwayo.
Ukongeza, ukuncipha kweentsimbi zekhromite (FeCr ezimbini O EZINE) kwiseto zealkaline oxidative ivelisa i-metallurgical-grade Cr ₂ O ezintathu zisetyenziswe kwizinto eziphikisayo kunye neepigments..
Ngezicelo eziphezulu zokusebenza, amaqhinga aqhubekileyo afana nokuphatha i-sol-gel, ukutshisa synthesis, kunye neendlela ze-hydrothermal zivumela ulawulo oluhle kwi-morphology, ubukhazikhazi, kunye ne-porosity.
Ezi ndlela zobuchule ziluncedo kakhulu ekudaleni i-nanostructured Cr ₂ O ezintlanu ezinomgangatho ophuculweyo wokwenza i-catalysis okanye ukuva usetyenziso lweyunithi..
2.2 I-Thin-Film Deposition kunye nokuKhula kwe-Epitaxial
Kwiimeko ze-elektroniki kunye ne-optoelectronic, I-Cr two O 2 isoloko ikhutshelwa njengefilimu encinci isebenzisa ukufakwa komphunga obonakalayo (PVD) ubuchule obufana nokutshiza okanye ukuphuphuma kwe-electron-beam.
Ukubekwa komphunga kwikhemikhali (CVD) kunye nokubekwa komaleko weathom (I-ALD) ukunika ukuthotyelwa okuphezulu kunye nolawulo lokuxinana, kubalulekile ukudibanisa i-Cr ₂ O ₃ kwizixhobo ze-microelectronic.
Ukukhula kwe-Epitaxial ye-Cr ezimbini ii-O ezintandathu kwii-substrates ezihambelana ne-lattice ezifana ne-α-Al ezimbini O ezintathu okanye i-MgO yenza ukuba kuqulunqwe iifilimu zekristale enye enemiba encinci., ukwenza kube nokwenzeka kuphando lwezakhiwo zemagneti kunye nezedijithali.
Ezi filimu zikumgangatho ophezulu zibalulekile ekuveleni kwezicelo kwi-spintronics kunye nezixhobo ezikhumbulayo, apho umgangatho wobuso obuphezulu obuthe ngqo uphembelela ukusebenza kwesixhobo.
3. Ukusetyenziswa koShishino kunye nokusiNgqongileyo kweChromium oxide
3.1 Umsebenzi njenge-Resilient Pigment kunye neMveliso eAbrasive
Olona setyenziso ludala noluxhaphakileyo lwe-Cr ₂ O Sithandathu lufana ne-eco-friendly pigment., ngokwembali eyaziwa ngokuba “i-chrome-friendly-friendly” okanye “iviridian” ekugqityweni kwentelekelelo kunye nezoshishino.
Umbala wayo ogqithisileyo, Uzinzo lwe-UV, kunye nokumelana nokucima kuyenza ilungele ukwakha iipeyinti, iiglazi zeceramic, iikhonkrithi ezinemibala, kunye neepolymer colorants.
Ngokungafaniyo nezinye ii-pigments zendalo, I-Cr two O isithandathu ayiwohloki phantsi kokukhanya kwelanga okanye ukushisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kobuhle bexesha elide.
Kwizicelo ezirhabaxa, I-Cr two O isithathu isetyenziswa kwizinto zokupolisha kwiglasi, iintsimbi, kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo ngenxa yobulukhuni bayo (Mohs ubulukhuni be ~ 8– 8.5) kunye nomlinganiselo ocolekileyo wamasuntswana.
Inokwethenjelwa ngokuthe ngqo ekugqityweni ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokugqiba iinkqubo apho kufuneka umonakalo ongaphantsi komhlaba.
3.2 Ukusetyenziswa kwiiRefractories kunye neeNgqungquthela zoBubushushu obuphezulu
I-Cr ₂ O ezimbini licandelo elibalulekileyo kwizinto eziphikisayo ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza intsimbi, ukwenziwa kweglasi, kunye neefinti zekhonkrithi, apho inikezela ukuxhathisa kwi-slags yokunyibilika, ukothuka kwe-thermal, neegesi ezitshabalalisayo.
Into yayo ephezulu yokunyibilika (~ 2435 °C) kunye ne-inertness yekhemikhali iyenza ikwazi ukugcina ingqibelelo yesakhiwo kwi-atmosphere enzima.
Xa kudityaniswa ne-Al ₂ O ezimbini ukwenza i-chromia-alumina refractories, imveliso ibonisa ukuqina koomatshini kunye nokumelana nokonakala.
Ukwengeza, iplasma-sprayed Cr ezimbini O ezihlanu ukugqitywa kufakwa kwiincakuba zeinjini yomoya, impompo zetywina, kunye nokuvala i-shutoffs ukunyusa ukuxhathisa ukunxiba kunye nokwandisa ixesha lokuphila kwiiseti zentengiso ezinobutshaba.
4. Iindima ezikhulayo kwi-Catalysis, I-Spintronics, kunye neZixhobo zokukhumbula
4.1 Umsebenzi we-Catalytic kwi-Dehydrogenation kunye noLungiso lweNdalo
Nangona i-Cr Two O 3 idla ngokuthathelwa ingqalelo inert yekhemikhali, Ibonisa umsebenzi we-catalytic kwiinkcukacha zokusabela, ngokukodwa kwiinkqubo ze-alkane dehydrogenation.
I-industrial dehydrogenation ye-lp ukuya kwipropylene– inyathelo elibalulekileyo kwimveliso yepolypropylene– usebenzisa rhoqo i-Cr ezimbini O ezine ezizinzileyo kwi-alumina (Cr/Al zimbini O EZINE) njengomqhubi osebenzayo.
Kulo mongo, Iziza ze-Cr TWO ⁺ zinceda ngo-C– H ukusebenza bond, ngelixa i-oxide matrix igcina iindidi ezisasazekileyo zechromium kwaye ikhusela ngokuchasene ne-oxidation engaphezulu.
Ukusebenza kwe-catalyst kunovakalelo kakhulu kumthwalo wechromium, calcination lobushushu, kunye nemiqathango yokunciphisa, echaphazela imeko ye-oxidation kunye nokusekwa kolungelelwaniso lweewebhusayithi ezinamandla.
Iikhemikhali zepetroli zangaphambili, Izixhobo ezisekwe kwi-Cr ezimbini ze-O ₃ zifunyaniswe ukuwohloka kwe-photocatalytic yetyhefu yendalo kunye ne-carbon monoxide oxidation., ngokukodwa xa i-doped kunye neentsimbi zenguqu okanye idityaniswe ne-semiconductors ukuphucula iindleko zokwahlula.
4.2 Izicelo kwi-Spintronics kunye neMemori yokutshintsha iResistive
I-Cr Two O six ifumene ingqwalasela kwisizukulwana esilandelayo sezixhobo zedijithali ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zokuhlala zamagnetic kunye nezombane..
Yi-paradigmatic antiferromagnetic insulator ene-linear magnetoelectric result, ebonisa umyalelo wayo wamagnetic unokulawulwa yintsimi yombane kunye nokunye.
Le propathi yenza ukuba kuphuhliswe izixhobo ze-antiferromagnetic spintronic ezingakhuselekanga kumasimi ombane angaphandle kwaye zibaleke ngesantya esiphezulu ngokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi..
I-Cr ezimbini O EZINE iiphaseji ezisekwe kunye neenkqubo zotshintshiselwano zocalucalulo ziyaphandwa kwimemori engaguquguqukiyo kunye nezixhobo ezinengqondo..
Ukongeza, I-Cr ezimbini O ezintlanu ibonisa ukuziphatha okukhumbulayo– ukuchasana nokutshintsha okwenziwa ngamasimi ombane– ukwenza ithemba lokuchasa inkumbulo yofikelelo olungakhethiyo (ReRAM).
Ukutshintsha komatshini kubangelwa kukufuduka kwesithuba se-oxygen kunye neenkqubo ze-interfacial redox, ezimodareyitha conductivity umaleko oxide.
Ezi zakhono zibeka i-Cr ezimbini O ₃ kwindawo ephambili yokufunda ukuya ngaphaya kwe-silicon yoyilo lwekhompyuter..
Isishwankathelo, ichromium(III) Ioksidi igqitha indima yayo eqhelekileyo njengebala elilula okanye isifakeli esichasayo, evelayo njengemveliso esebenzayo kumagama esizinda sobugcisa obutsha.
Indibaniselwano yayo yobulukhuni bezakhiwo, ukuhanjiswa kwe-elektroniki, kunye nomsebenzi onxibelelene nobuso wenza ukuba kube lula usetyenziso olwahlukileyo ukusuka kwimizi-mveliso ukuya kwizixhobo zombane eziphefumlelweyo..
Njengendlela yokudityaniswa kunye nophuhliso lobuchule bokulinganiswa, I-Cr two O 2 ibekwe ukuba idlale umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu kwimveliso ezinzileyo, ukuguqulwa kwamandla, kunye nesizukulwana esilandelayo infotech.
5. Umboneleli
I-TRUNANO ngumthengisi we-Spherical Tungsten Powder ene-over 12 iminyaka yamava kwi-nano-building energy yogcino kunye nophuhliso lwe-nanotechnology. Iyayamkela intlawulo ngekhadi letyala, T/T, I-West Union kunye ne-Paypal. I-Trunnano iya kuthumela iimpahla kubathengi phesheya ngokusebenzisa i-FedEx, DHL, ngomoya, okanye ngolwandle. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngeSpherical Tungsten Powder, nceda uzive ukhululekile ukuqhagamshelana nathi kwaye uthumele umbuzo([email protected]).
Iithegi: I-Chromium oxide, I-Cr₂O₃, Ucoceko oluPhezulu lweChromium oxide
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