1. Basic Chemistry ndi Structural Quality of Chromium(III) Oxide
1.1 Crystallographic Framework ndi Electronic Setup
(Chromium oxide)
Chromium(III) oxide, mankhwala otchedwa Cr two O FOUR, ndi thermodynamically steady inorganic pawiri yomwe ili m'gulu la shift steel oxides zomwe zikuwonetsa zonse za ionic ndi covalent.
Imawala mumpangidwe wa diamondi, chingwe cha rhombohedral (gulu la chipinda R-3c), kumene chromium ion iliyonse imagwiridwa ndi ma atomu asanu ndi limodzi a okosijeni, ndipo mpweya uliwonse umazunguliridwa ndi maatomu anayi a chromium motsatizana kwambiri.
Lingaliro la zomangamanga, adagawana ndi α-Fe awiri O ATATU (hematite) ndi Al Two O ₃ (corundum), amadutsa phenomenal makina kuuma, chitetezo chamafuta, ndi kukana mankhwala kwa Cr ₂ O SIX.
Kusintha kwa digito kwa Cr FOUR ⁺ ndi [Ar] 3d³ ndi, ndi m'dera la octahedral crystal la oxide latticework, ndi 3 d-maelekitironi amakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa za t ₂ g orbitals, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusinthasintha kwakukulu ndi mauthenga osinthana.
Zochita izi zimapanga dongosolo la antiferromagnetic lomwe lili pansi pa kutentha kwa Néel kuzungulira 307 K, ngakhale ferromagnetism yofooka imatha kuwonedwa chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nanostructured.
Gulu lalikulu la Cr ₂ O FOUR– kuyambira 3.0 ku 3.5 eV– imapanga insulator yamagetsi yokhala ndi resistivity yapamwamba, kupangitsa kuti ziwonekere pakuwala kowoneka bwino mufilimu yopyapyala pomwe zikuwonetsa malo amdima mochulukira chifukwa cha kuyamwa kolimba m'magawo ofiira ndi abuluu amtunduwu..
1.2 Thermodynamic Security ndi Surface Sensitivity
Cr ₂ O ₃ ndi imodzi mwa ma oxides omwe amamveka bwino, kuwonetsa kukana kwambiri kwa ma asidi, alkalis, ndi high-temperature oxidation.
Chitetezo ichi chimachokera ku Cr– O bond ndi kusungunuka kwa oxidi otsika pamakonzedwe amadzimadzi, zomwe zimathandiziranso kupirira kwachilengedwe komanso kuchepa kwa bioavailability.
Komabe, pamavuto aakulu– monga anaikira ofunda sulfuric kapena hydrofluoric acid– Cr ₂ O asanu ndi limodzi amatha kusungunuka pang'onopang'ono, kupanga mchere wa chromium.
Pamwamba pa Cr ₂ O asanu ndi amphoteric, ndi kuthekera kolumikizana ndi mitundu yonse ya acidic komanso yokhazikika, zomwe zimathandizira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake ngati chithandizo chothandizira kapena posinthana ndi ion.
( Chromium oxide)
Magulu apamwamba a hydroxyl (– OH) akhoza kupanga ndi hydration, kukhudza zochita zake zomangira ma ion zitsulo, mamolekyu achilengedwe, ndi mpweya.
Mu mitundu ya nanocrystalline kapena yopyapyala-filimu, kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa voliyumu kumawonjezera chidwi chambiri, kulola kuti magwiridwe antchito kapena ma doping agwirizane ndi mawonekedwe ake othandizira kapena digito.
2. Kaphatikizidwe ndi Njira Zogwirira Ntchito Zothandizira
2.1 Njira Zachikhalidwe ndi Zapamwamba Zopanga
Kupanga kwa Cr awiri O atatu kumawonjezera njira zingapo, kuchokera ku mawerengedwe azinthu zamafakitale kupita kumayendedwe olondola amafilimu opyapyala.
Njira yodziwika bwino yazamalonda imaphatikizapo kuwola kwa ammonium dichromate ((NH ₄)₂ Cr Two O ₇) kapena chromium trioxide (CrO SIX) pamiyezi ya kutentha kwambiri 300 °C, kutulutsa chiyero chapamwamba Cr ₂ O ufa awiri wokhala ndi magawo oyendetsedwa bwino.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuchepa kwa miyala ya chromite (FeCr awiri O 4) m'makonzedwe amchere a okosijeni amatulutsa Cr ₂ O atatu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga utoto ndi utoto..
Kwa ntchito zapamwamba kwambiri, adapititsa patsogolo njira zophatikizira monga kugwiritsa ntchito sol-gel, kuyaka kaphatikizidwe, ndi njira za hydrothermal zimathandizira kuwongolera bwino kachitidwe ka zinthu, crystallinity, ndi porosity.
Njirazi ndizothandiza kwambiri popanga nanostructured Cr ₂ O 5 yokhala ndi malo owongolera kuti azitha kuwongolera kapena kumvera mayunitsi..
2.2 Thin-Film Deposition ndi Epitaxial Growth
Muzinthu zamagetsi ndi optoelectronic, Cr two O two nthawi zambiri amasamutsidwa ngati filimu yaying'ono yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wakuthupi (PVD) njira monga sputtering kapena electron-beam evaporation.
Kuyika kwa nthunzi wa mankhwala (CVD) ndi kuyika kwa atomiki (ALD) kupereka kutsata kwapamwamba komanso kuwongolera kachulukidwe, ndikofunikira kuphatikiza Cr ₂ O ₃ kukhala zida zamagetsi zamagetsi.
Kukula kwa Epitaxial kwa Cr awiri O asanu ndi limodzi pamagawo ofananira ndi lattice ngati α-Al two O atatu kapena MgO kumathandizira kupanga mafilimu a kristalo amodzi okhala ndi zovuta zochepa., kupangitsa kuti zitheke kufufuza zanyumba zamaginito ndi digito.
Makanema apamwamba kwambiri awa ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito ma spintronics ndi zida zokumbukira, pomwe mawonekedwe apamwamba apamwamba amakhudza magwiridwe antchito a gadget.
3. Ntchito Zamakampani ndi Zachilengedwe za Chromium Oxide
3.1 Ntchito Monga Resilient Pigment ndi Abrasive Product
Chimodzi mwazinthu zakale kwambiri komanso zofala kwambiri zogwiritsa ntchito Cr ₂ O Six ndi mtundu wa pigment wokomera chilengedwe., mbiri yakale monga “chrome-ochezeka ndi chilengedwe” kapena “viridian” muzomaliza zongoganiza komanso zamakampani.
Mtundu wake kwambiri, Kukhazikika kwa UV, ndi kukana kuzimiririka kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino pomanga utoto, zojambula za ceramic, konkriti wonyezimira, ndi ma polymer colorants.
Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yachilengedwe, Cr two O six sichiwonongeka ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa kapena kutentha, kuonetsetsa kulimba kokongola kwanthawi yayitali.
M'machitidwe ovuta, Cr awiri O atatu amagwiritsidwa ntchito popukuta zinthu zagalasi, zitsulo, ndi zinthu za kuwala chifukwa cha kuuma kwake (Mohs kuuma kwa ~ 8– 8.5) ndi fine particle dimension.
Ndiwodalirika mwatsatanetsatane pakuwongolera ndikumaliza njira komwe kuwonongeka kwapambali kumafunikira.
3.2 Gwiritsani ntchito mu Refractories ndi Zopaka Zotentha Kwambiri
Cr ₂ O awiri ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pazida zokanizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zitsulo, kupanga magalasi, ndi miphika ya konkriti, kumene amapereka kukana kwa slags thaw, kutentha kutentha, ndi mpweya wowononga.
Zomwe zimasungunuka kwambiri (~ 2435 °C) ndi inertness mankhwala zimathandiza kuti structural umphumphu mu kwambiri atmospheres.
Akaphatikizidwa ndi Al ₂ O awiri kuti apange chromia-aluminium refractories, Chogulitsacho chikuwonetsa kulimba kwamakina komanso kukana kuwonongeka.
Kuphatikiza apo, plasma-sprayed Cr awiri O asanu kumaliza amapaka pa turbine masamba, pompa zisindikizo, ndi ma shutoffs kuti alimbikitse kukana kuvala ndikutalikitsa moyo pakukhazikitsa malonda ankhanza.
4. Maudindo Akubwera mu Catalysis, Spintronics, ndi Memristive Tools
4.1 Catalytic Task mu Dehydrogenation ndi Environmental Remediation
Ngakhale Cr Awiri O atatu nthawi zambiri amaganiziridwa mopanda mankhwala, imawonetsa zochitika zochititsa chidwi mwatsatanetsatane, makamaka mu njira za alkane dehydrogenation.
Industrial dehydrogenation ya lp kupita ku propylene– sitepe yofunika kwambiri popanga polypropylene– Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito Cr two O four yokhazikika pa alumina (Cr/Al awiri O 4) monga dalaivala yogwira.
M'nkhani ino, Cr TWO ⁺ masamba amathandizira ndi C– H chomangira kutsegula, pomwe oxide matrix imasunga mitundu ya chromium yobalalika ndikuteteza ku oxidation kwambiri..
Kuchita kwa chothandizira kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutsitsa kwa chromium, kutentha kwa calcination, ndi kuchepetsa mikhalidwe, zomwe zimakhudza momwe ma oxidation state ndi makonzedwe amachitidwe amasamba amphamvu.
Zakale za petrochemicals, Cr awiri O ₃ zida zopezeka pa Photocatalytic kuwonongeka kwa poizoni zachilengedwe ndi carbon monoxide oxidation., makamaka ikapangidwa ndi zitsulo zosinthira kapena zophatikizidwa ndi ma semiconductors kuti apititse patsogolo kugawanika kwa mtengo.
4.2 Mapulogalamu mu Spintronics ndi Resistive Changing Memory
Cr Two O six yatenga chidwi kwambiri ndi zida za digito zam'badwo wotsatira chifukwa cha malo ake okhala ndi maginito ndi magetsi..
Ndi paradigmatic antiferromagnetic insulator yokhala ndi zotsatira za magnetoelectric, kusonyeza kuti maginito ake amatha kuwongoleredwa ndi malo amagetsi ndi mosemphanitsa.
Katunduyu amathandizira kupanga zida za antiferromagnetic spintronic zomwe sizingatengeke ndi maginito akunja amagetsi ndipo zimathamanga kwambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa..
Magawo a Cr Awiri O 4 ozikidwa pa ndime ndi njira zosinthira tsankho zikufufuzidwa chifukwa cha kukumbukira kosasunthika ndi zida zanzeru..
Kuphatikiza apo, Cr awiri O asanu amawonetsa khalidwe lokumbukira– kukana kusintha kopangidwa ndi minda yamagetsi– kuzipangitsa kukhala ndi chiyembekezo chokana kukumbukira mwachisawawa (ReRAM).
Kusintha kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa mpweya wa oxygen komanso njira za interfacial redox, zomwe zimasintha ma conductivity a oxide layer.
Izi zimayika Cr two O ₃ patsogolo pa maphunziro opitilira makompyuta a silicon..
Powombetsa mkota, chromium(III) oxide imadutsa gawo lake ngati chosavuta cha pigment kapena chowonjezera chokanizira, zomwe zikubwera ngati zinthu zambirimbiri m'mayina aukadaulo aukadaulo.
Kuphatikiza kwake kwa kulimba kwa zomangamanga, electronic tunability, ndi zochitika zapakati zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku mafakitale kupita ku zida zamagetsi zotsogozedwa ndi quantum.
Monga kaphatikizidwe ndi makhalidwe njira chitukuko, Cr two O two ikuyenera kugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga kosatha, kutembenuka kwa mphamvu, ndi m'badwo wotsatira infotech.
5. Wopereka
TRUNNANO ndi ogulitsa Spherical Tungsten Powder yokhala ndi over 12 zaka zambiri zachitetezo cha nano-building energy komanso chitukuko cha nanotechnology. Imavomereza kulipira kudzera pa Kirediti kadi, T/T, West Union ndi Paypal. Trunnano idzatumiza katundu kwa makasitomala kunja kwa FedEx, DHL, ndi mpweya, kapena panyanja. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za Spherical Tungsten Powder, chonde omasuka kulankhula nafe ndi kutumiza kufunsa([email protected]).
Tags: Chromium oxide, Cr₂O₃, High-Purity Chromium Oxide
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