1. Nā Manaʻo Koʻikoʻi a Hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā ʻano
1.1 Ka Wehewehe a me ka Mea Koko
(3d paʻi ʻana i ka pauka huila)
Paʻi kila 3D, i kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka hana hoʻohui metala (AM), He papahana hana papa-a-papa e kūkulu pono ana i nā ʻāpana metala ʻekolu mai nā ʻano kikohoʻe e hoʻohana ana i ka pauka a i ʻole ka uea meaʻai..
ʻAʻole like me nā ʻano subtractive e like me ka milling a i ʻole ka huli ʻana, ka mea e hoʻopau i ka huahana e loaʻa i ke ʻano, hoʻohui ʻia ke kila AM i ka huahana ma kahi e pono ai, hiki i ka paʻakikī geometric kupaianaha me ka ʻōpala liʻiliʻi loa.
Hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hana me kahi mana 3D CAD i ʻoki ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana pololei lahilahi (maʻamau 20– 100 µm mānoanoa). He kumu ikehu kiʻekiʻe– laser a i ʻole ka uila uila– hoʻoheheʻe pololei a hoʻokuʻu paha i nā ʻāpana kila e like me ka ʻāpana kea o ka papa, e hoʻopaʻa paʻa ana i ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana i mea paʻa mānoanoa.
Hoʻomaka hou kēia pōʻaiapuni a kūkulu ʻia ka ʻāpana piha, maʻa mau i loko o kahi ʻano inert (argon a i ʻole nitrogen) no ka pale ʻana i ka oxidation o nā alloys pane e like me titanium a i ʻole alumini māmā.
ʻO ka microstructure hopena, hale noho mechanical a waiwai kalepa paha, a hoʻoponopono ʻia ka uhi ʻana e ka wela wela, e nānā i ke ala, a me na ano waiwai, e koi ana i ka mana pololei o nā kikoʻī kaʻina hana.
1.2 Nā ʻenehana AM Metal nui
ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka pauda-moe ʻelua (PBF) ʻO nā ʻenehana hou ka Discerning Laser Melting (SLM) a me ka Electron Beam of Light Melting (EBM).
Hoʻohana ʻo SLM i kahi laser fiber mana kiʻekiʻe (maʻa mau 200– 1000 Ua ʻōlelo ʻo W) e hoʻoheheʻe piha i ka pauka metala i loko o kahi keʻena i piha i ka argon, e hana ana i ka piha kokoke piha (> 99.5%) nā ʻāpana me ka hoʻonā hana maikaʻi a me nā wahi ʻili maʻalahi.
Hoʻohana ʻo EBM i kahi kukuna electron kiʻekiʻe i loko o kahi kaiapuni hoʻomaʻemaʻe, e holo ana ma nā pae wela kūkulu kiʻekiʻe (600– 1000 ° C), ka mea e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke koena hopohopo a ʻae i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana palupalu e like me Ti-6Al-4V a i ʻole Inconel. 718.
Ma waho aʻe o PBF, Kuhikuhi i ka ikehu (DED)– ʻo ia ka Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) a me Cord Arc Ingredient Manufacturing (WAAM)– hānai i ka pauka metala a i ʻole ke kaula i loko o ka wai ʻauʻau wai i hana ʻia e ka laser, plasma, aiʻole ka uila uila, kūpono no nā mea hoʻoponopono nui a i ʻole nā ʻāpana ʻāpana-upena.
Hoʻopaʻa Paʻa, ʻaʻole naʻe i ulu pono no nā metala, pili i ka hoʻoili ʻana i kahi mea hoʻopaʻa wai ma luna o nā ʻāpana pauka metala, ukali ʻia e ka sintering i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻomehana; hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe akā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka pololei o ke ana.
Hoʻokūpaʻa kēlā me kēia mea hou i nā kuʻikahi i ka hoʻonā, kumukūʻai kūkulu, mea pili, a me nā pono ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, koho alakaʻi ma muli o nā koi noi.
2. Nā Mea Hana a me nā Manaʻo Metallurgical
2.1 ʻO nā huila maʻamau a me kā lākou mau mea hoʻohana
Kākoʻo ka paʻi kila 3D i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻolālā, he mau kila kuhiliʻole (e.g., 316L, 17-4PH), mea kila (H13, Ke kila maraging), nickel-based superalloys (Inconel 625, 718), nā huila titanium (Ti-6Al-4V, CP-Ti), alumini kaumaha māmā (AlSi10Mg, Sc-hoololi ia Al), a me ka cobalt-chrome (CoCrMo).
Hoʻohana nā kila kila ʻole i ka pale ʻana a me ke kūpaʻa haʻahaʻa no nā manifold fluid a me nā mea hana lapaʻau.
(3d paʻi ʻana i ka pauka huila)
Hoʻokumu nā Nickel superalloys i nā hoʻonohonoho wela kiʻekiʻe e like me nā lau turbine a me nā nozzles rocket ma muli o ko lākou kūpaʻa ʻana a me ka paʻa o ka oxidation..
Hoʻohui nā mea hao Titanium i nā lakio ikaika-a-density kiʻekiʻe me ka biocompatibility, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i kūpono no nā brackets aerospace a me nā implants orthopedic.
Hiki i nā alumini alumini ke hiki ke hana i nā mea hana hale māmā i nā kaʻa a me nā noi drone, ʻoiai ko lākou kiʻekiʻe reflectivity a me ka thermal conductivity posture paʻakikī no ka laser absorption a melt pool stability.
Hoʻomaka ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka huahana me nā alloys high-entropy (ma HEA) a me nā hana make-up i hoʻololi ʻia i nā hale i loko o kahi ʻāpana mehameha.
2.2 ʻO nā koi o ka microstructure a me ka hana hope
ʻO ka hoʻomehana wikiwiki a me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana i ka metala AM e hana i nā microstructure ʻokoʻa– ʻO nā dendrites kelepona nui a i ʻole nā palapala kolamu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ke kahe wela– ʻokoʻa nui mai ka hoʻolei a i ʻole nā mea like.
ʻOiai hiki i kēia ke hoʻonui i ka ikaika ma o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka palaoa, Hiki iā ia ke hoʻokomo i ka anisotropy, pōʻalo, a i ʻole ke koena koʻikoʻi a me nā hopohopo e hoʻoweliweli i ka hana luhi.
No laila, ʻaneʻane pono nā ʻāpana AM metala a pau ma hope o ka hana ʻana: ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka annealing e hōʻemi i ka distortion, hoʻokuke isostatic wela (HIP) e pani i na pores o loko, mīkini no nā kū'ē koʻikoʻi, a e hoʻopau ana ka ʻili (e.g., electropolishing, pana pana) e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ola luhi.
Hoʻopilikino ʻia nā ʻōnaehana wela i nā ʻōnaehana alloy– ʻo kahi laʻana, koho elemakule no 17-4PH e hoʻokō i ka ua solidifying, a i ʻole beta annealing no Ti-6Al-4V e hoʻonui i ka ductility.
Ke hilinaʻi nei ka mana maikaʻi i ka nānā ʻana ʻole (NDT) e like me ka X-ray computed tomography (CT) a me ka nānā ultrasonic no ka ʻike ʻana i nā pilikia o loko i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka maka.
3. Hoʻolālā Hoʻololi a me ka Hana Hana
3.1 Geometric Technology a me Functional Assimilation
Wehe ka paʻi metala 3D i nā kūlana hoʻolālā hiki ʻole me ka hana maʻamau, e like me nā ʻupena hoʻoluʻu ʻokoʻa i loko o nā pahu pana, nā papa hana lattice no ka hoemi kaumaha, a me ka topology-optimized tons papa e hoemi i ka hoohana waiwai.
ʻO nā ʻāpana i kāhea ʻia no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana mai nā ʻāpana he nui ke hiki ke paʻi ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea monolithic, hoemi ana i na hono, nā kī, a me nā kumu hiki ʻole.
Hoʻonui kēia hoʻohui pono i ka hilinaʻi i ka aerospace a me nā hāmeʻa olakino ʻoiai e ʻoki ana i ka paʻakikī o ke kaulahao lako a me nā kumukūʻai hoʻolako.
Nā papa hana hoʻolālā, hui pū ʻia me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka simulation, hoʻomohala koke i nā ʻano kūlohelohe e kū ana i nā pahuhopu hana ma lalo o nā hailona honua maoli, ke koi ʻana i nā palena o ka hana.
Hoʻopilikino ma ka pālākiō pau i hiki– lei niho, implants kūikawā ma'i, a hiki ke hana ʻia nā lako aerospace ma ke kālā me ka ʻole o ka hana hou ʻana.
3.2 ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka waiwai hoʻokele waiwai
Ke alakaʻi nei ʻo Aerospace i ka lawe ʻana, me ka ʻoihana e like me GE Air huakaʻi paʻi kinoea nozzles no nā ʻenekini LEAP– hoʻohuihui 20 ʻāpana pololei i hoʻokahi, e hoemi ana i ke kaumaha e 25%, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka lōʻihi ʻelima.
Hoʻohana nā mea hana lāʻau lapaʻau i ka AM no nā pūhaka porous e hoʻoikaika i ka ulu ʻana o ka iwi a me nā pā cranial e pili ana i ke anatomy pākahi mai ka CT scans..
Hoʻohana nā ʻoihana kaʻa i ke kila AM no ka prototyping wikiwiki, nā pale māmā, a me nā mea heihei hana kiʻekiʻe kahi i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana ma mua o ka lilo.
Loaʻa i nā ʻoihana mea hana mai nā poʻi i hoʻoluʻu like ʻia e ʻoki i nā manawa pōʻai ma kahi kokoke 70%, hoʻonui i ka hana ma ka hana nui.
ʻOiai ke hoʻomau nei nā kumukūʻai mea hana kiʻekiʻe (200k– 2M), e emi ana na kumukuai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana, a ke hoʻonui nei nā kumu ʻikepili huahana i hōʻoia ʻia i nā ʻoihana waena a me nā keʻena lawelawe.
4. Nā Luʻi a me nā kuhikuhi e hiki mai ana
4.1 Nā Palena ʻenehana a me ka ʻae ʻia
ʻOiai ke kūkulu ʻana, ʻO ka AM metala ke alo i nā pilikia i ka hana hou, kūpono, a me ka hoʻohālikelike.
ʻO nā ʻano liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i ka kemika pauka, ʻike pūnaewele pulu, a i ʻole ka laser focus hiki ke hoʻololi i nā hale mechanical, e koi ana i ke kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi a me ka mākaʻikaʻi in-situ (e.g., hoʻoheheʻe wai ʻauʻau kiʻi kamepiula, nā ʻāpana ʻike acoustic).
ʻAe ʻia no nā noi koʻikoʻi palekana– ʻoi aku ma ka huakaʻi ea a me nā ʻoihana nuklea– koi ʻia ka hōʻoia ʻikepili piha ma lalo o nā hale e like me ASTM F42, ISO/ASTM 52900, a me NADCAP, he lōʻihi a he pipiʻi.
Nā kaʻina hana hoʻohana hou i ka pauda, pōʻino hoʻohaumia, a me ka nele i nā koi waiwai honua ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka scaling pāʻoihana.
Ke hoʻomaka nei nā hana e hoʻokumu i nā māhoe uila e hoʻopili i nā kikoʻī o ke kaʻina hana i ka hana ʻāpana, hiki i ka wānana maikaʻi hōʻoia a me ka traceability.
4.2 Nā Kūlana Kūlana a me nā lako o nā hanauna hou aku
ʻO nā hoʻomaikaʻi e hiki mai ana me nā ʻōnaehana multi-laser (4– 12 nā lasers) e hoʻonui nui i nā kumukūʻai kūkulu, nā mea hana hybrid e hoʻokomo ana i ka AM me ka mīkini CNC i hoʻokahi ʻōnaehana, a me ka hui ʻana i loko o kahi no nā hana make-up i hana ʻia.
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻōnaehana loea no ka ʻike pilikia manawa maoli a me ka hoʻoponopono kikoʻī adaptive i ka wā paʻi..
Hoʻoikaika ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i ka pauka pani pani, ʻo ke kukuna ikaika o nā kumu kukui, a me nā loiloi pōʻaiapuni o ke ola no ka helu ʻana i nā pono kaiaola ma mua o nā ala kuʻuna.
E noiʻi i nā laser ultrafast, ʻūhā anuanu AM, a ʻo ka paʻi ʻana i kōkua ʻia ma ke kahua magnetic e hiki ke hoʻopau i nā kaohi o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, ke kaumaha mau a me ka hopohopo, a me ka hooponopono ana i ka palaoa.
Ke ulu nei kēia mau mea, E hoʻololi maoli ʻia ka paʻi 3D metala mai kahi ʻenehana prototyping niche i kahi ʻenehana hana nui– e hoʻololi hou i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana kila waiwai nui, hana ʻia, a hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma nā mākeke.
5. Mea hoolaha
ʻO TRUNNANO kahi mea hoʻolako o Spherical Tungsten Powder me ka ʻoi aku 12 mau makahiki o ka ʻike i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu kūkulu nano a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka nanotechnology. ʻAe ia i ka uku ma o Kāleka Kāleka, T/T, West Union a me Paypal. E hoʻouna aku ʻo Trunnano i nā waiwai i nā mea kūʻai aku ma waho ma o FedEx, DHL, ma ka lewa, a ma ke kai paha. Inā makemake ʻoe e ʻike hou aku e pili ana i ka Spherical Tungsten Powder, eʻoluʻolu e leka uila iā mākou a hoʻouna i kahi nīnau.
Nā huaʻōlelo: 3d paʻi ʻana, 3d paʻi ʻana i ka pauda metala, paʻi 3d pauda metallurgy
ʻO nā ʻatikala a me nā kiʻi a pau mai ka Pūnaewele. Inā loaʻa kekahi pilikia kope, e ʻoluʻolu e kelepona mai iā mākou i ka manawa e holoi ai.
E nīnau iā mākou