1. Imiqondo Ebalulekile kanye nezigaba zokucwenga
1.1 Ukutolika kanye nedivayisi ewumgogodla
(3d ukuphrinta ingxubevange powder)
Ukuphrinta kwensimbi ye-3D, okuphinde kubizwe ngokuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezithasiselo zensimbi (AM), isu lokwakha ungqimba nongqimba elakha izingxenye zensimbi ezinezinhlangothi ezintathu ngokuqondile zisuka ezinguqulweni zedijithali zisebenzisa isitoko esiyimpuphu noma socingo..
Ngokungafani nezindlela ezikhiphayo ezifana nokugaya noma ukujika, ezilahla umkhiqizo ukuze uthole ifomu, steel AM yengeza umkhiqizo lapho kudingeka khona, okwenza kube yinkimbinkimbi yejiyomethri engavamile ngemfucuza encane kakhulu.
Inqubo iqala ngenguqulo ye-3D CAD esikwe ibe izendlalelo eziqondile ezincanyana (ngokuvamile 20– 100 µm ubukhulu). Umthombo wamandla aphezulu– i-laser noma i-electron beam– incibilikisa kahle noma ihlanganise izingcezu zensimbi ngokuya ngesigaba esiphambanayo sesendlalelo ngasinye, eliqina ekupholiseni ukuze kwakheke okuqinile.
Lo mjikelezo uyaphinda kuze kube yilapho ingxenye ephelele yakhiwe, ngokuvamile ngaphakathi kwe-ambience engenzi lutho (i-argon noma i-nitrogen) ukuvimbela i-oxidation yama-alloys asabelayo njenge-titanium noma i-aluminium enesisindo esincane.
Umphumela we-microstructure, izakhiwo zokuhlala zemishini noma ezohwebo, futhi ukugqoka okuphezulu kulawulwa isizinda esishisayo, hlola indlela, nezici ezibonakalayo, edinga ukulawulwa okunembile kwezicaciso zenqubo.
1.2 I-Metal AM Technologies Ebalulekile
Kokubili ukuhlanganiswa kombhede oyimpuphu okubusayo (I-PBF) Ubuchwepheshe besimanje yi-Discerning Laser Melting (I-SLM) kanye ne-Electron Beam Of Light Melting (EBM).
I-SLM isebenzisa i-laser yefiber enamandla amakhulu (ngokuvamile 200– 1000 W) ukuncibilikisa ngokuphelele impushana yensimbi ekamelweni eligcwele i-argon, ukukhiqiza ukuminyana okucishe kugcwale (> 99.5%) izingxenye ezinokulungiswa kokusebenza okuhle kanye nezindawo ezibushelelezi ezingaphezulu.
I-EBM isebenzisa insimbi ye-electron enamandla amakhulu endaweni yokuhlanza i-vacuum, egijima emazingeni okushisa okwakha aphezulu (600– 1000 °C), eyehlisa ukukhathazeka okuyinsalela futhi ivumela ukucutshungulwa kwe-crack-resistant of brittle alloys njenge-Ti-6Al-4V noma i-Inconel 718.
Ngaphandle kwe-PBF, I-Directed Energy Deposition (I-DED)– ehlanganisa Laser Metal Deposition (I-LMD) kanye Nokukhiqiza Izithako ze-Cord Arc (WAAM)– iphakela impushana yensimbi noma ikhebula echibini lokubhukuda eliwuketshezi elakhiwe nge-laser, iplasma, noma i-arc kagesi, ilungele ukulungiswa kwesilinganiso esikhulu noma izingxenye eziseduze ne-net-shape.
I-Binder Jetting, nokho-ke ikhule kancane ngokugcwele ngenxa yensimbi, kuhilela ukudlulisa into ebopha uketshezi izendlalelo zempuphu yensimbi, kulandele ukucwilisa kumshini wokushisisa; isebenzisa isivinini esikhulu kodwa ukuminyana okuphansi nokunemba kobukhulu.
Ukuqamba ngakunye kuzinzisa ukuvumelana ekuxazululeni, intengo yokwakha, ukuhambisana kwezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye nezidingo zangemva kokucubungula, inketho yokuqondisa esekelwe ezidingweni zohlelo lokusebenza.
2. Izinto zokwakha kanye nokucatshangelwa kwe-Metallurgical
2.1 Ama-alloys ajwayelekile kanye nezicelo zawo
Ukuphrinta kwensimbi ye-3D kusekela ama-alloys edizayini ahlukahlukene, ehlanganisa insimbi engagqwali (isib., 316L, 17-4PH), izinsimbi zamathuluzi (H13, Maraging steel), ama-superalloys asekelwe ku-nickel (Ikhoneli 625, 718), titanium alloys (I-Ti-6Al-4V, I-CP-Ti), i-aluminium enesisindo esincane (I-AlSi10Mg, I-Sc-modified Al), kanye ne-cobalt-chrome (I-CoCrMo).
Izinsimbi ezingagqwali zisebenzisa ukumelana nokonakala kanye namandla athobekile kuma-fluidic manifolds namathuluzi omtholampilo.
(3d ukuphrinta ingxubevange powder)
Ama-nickel superalloys asebenza kahle kuzilungiselelo zokushisa okuphezulu njengama-turbine blades namarokhethi nozzle ngenxa yokumelana nokunyakazisa kwawo kanye nokuzinza kwe-oxidation..
Ama-alloys e-Titanium ahlanganisa izilinganiso eziphezulu zamandla-kuya-kuminyana nokuvumelana kwezinto eziphilayo, ukubenza bafaneleke kubakaki be-aerospace kanye nokufakelwa kwamathambo.
Ama-alloys e-Aluminium enza kube nokwenzeka ezingxenyeni zezakhiwo ezingasindi kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zemoto ne-drone, nakuba ukubukeka kwabo okuphezulu kanye nobunzima bokuma kwe-thermal conductivity yokumuncwa kwe-laser kanye nokuzinza kwechibi.
Ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo kuqhubeka ngama-alloys aphezulu (kwe HEA) kanye nama-make-ups asezingeni elisebenzayo ashintsha amakhaya endaweni eyodwa.
2.2 I-Microstructure kanye Nezidingo Zangemva Kokucubungula
Ukushisisa okusheshayo nokupholisa phansi imijikelezo ku-AM yensimbi kudala ama-microstructures ahlukile– ngokuvamile ama-dendrite eselula amakhulu noma izinhlamvu zekholomu ezihlanganiswe nokujikeleza kokushisa– ezihluka kakhulu kokulingisi noma okulingana okwenziwe.
Nakuba lokhu kungathuthukisa amandla ngokucoliswa okusanhlamvu, ingase futhi yethule i-anisotropy, i-porosity, noma ukucindezeleka okuyinsalela nokukhathazeka okubeka engozini ukusebenza kokukhathala.
Ngenxa yalokho, cishe zonke izingxenye zensimbi ze-AM zidinga ukucubungula ngemva kokucubungula: ukunciphisa ukungezwani ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhlanekezela, ukushisa kwe-isostatic okushisayo (I-HIP) ukuvala izimbotshana zangaphakathi, imishini yokumelana okubucayi, kanye nokuqedwa kwendawo engaphezulu (isib., electropolishing, ukudubula ukuchama) ukuthuthukisa impilo yokukhathala.
Izindlela zokwelapha zokushisa zenziwe ngezifiso kuma-alloy systems– Ngokwesibonelo, inketho yokuguga ye-17-4PH ukufeza ukuqinisa imvula, noma i-beta annealing ye-Ti-6Al-4V ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-ductility.
Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kuncike ekuhlolweni okungalimazi (I-NDT) njenge-X-ray computed tomography (CT) kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-ultrasonic ukuze kutholwe izinkinga zangaphakathi ezingabonakali emehlweni.
3. Ukuguquguquka Komklamo kanye Nethonya Lemboni
3.1 Ubuchwepheshe BeJiyomethri kanye Nokulinganisa Okusebenzayo
Ukuphrinta kwe-Metal 3D kuvula izindinganiso zokuhlela ezingenakwenzeka ngokukhiqiza okujwayelekile, njengamanethiwekhi okupholisa angaphakathi ahambisanayo ezikhunjini ezidubulayo, izinhlaka ze-lattice zokunciphisa isisindo, kanye nezifundo zamathani ezilungiselelwe i-topology ezinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto.
Izingxenye lapho kuthiwa zisethwe ezingxenyeni eziningi manje zingashicilelwa njengamadivayisi we-monolithic, ukunciphisa amalunga, amabhawodi, nezici ezingase zihluleke.
Lokhu kuhlanganiswa okuwusizo kukhulisa ukuthembeka ku-aerospace kanye namagajethi ezokwelapha ngenkathi kunciphisa inkimbinkimbi ye-supply chain kanye nezindleko zokuhlinzeka..
Amafomula edizayini ekhiqizayo, kuhlanganiswe nokwenza kahle okuqhutshwa ukulingisa, thuthukisa ngokushesha amafomu emvelo afinyelela okuhlosiwe kokusebenza ngaphansi kwenkatho yomhlaba wangempela, ukusunduza imingcele yokusebenza.
Ukwenza ngokwezifiso esikalini kugcina kungenzeka– imiqhele yamazinyo, ama-implants aqondene nesiguli, kanye nokufakwa kwe-bespoke ye-aerospace kungakhiqizwa ngokwezimali ngaphandle kokusebenza kabusha.
3.2 Ukukhuthazwa Okukhethekile Komkhakha kanye Nevelu Yezomnotho
I-Aerospace ihola ukutholwa, ngebhizinisi elifana ne-GE Air travel printing gas nozzles yezinjini ze-LEAP– ukuhlanganisa 20 izingxenye zibe munye, ukunciphisa isisindo nge 25%, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuqina ngokuphindwe kahlanu.
Abakhiqizi bemishini yezokwelapha bakhulisa i-AM ngeziqu zenyonga ezinezimbobo ezikhuthaza ukungena kwamathambo kanye namapuleti e-cranial afana ne-anatomy ngayinye evela kuma-CT scan..
Amafemu ezimoto asebenzisa insimbi ye-AM ukwenza i-prototyping esheshayo, amabakaki angasindi, kanye nezici zemijaho esezingeni eliphezulu lapho ukusebenza kudlula izindleko.
Izimboni zamathuluzi zizuza esikhunjeni esipholiswe ngokusemthethweni esinciphisa izikhathi zomjikelezo cishe 70%, ukwandisa ukusebenza ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi.
Ngenkathi amanani omenzi eqhubeka nokuba phezulu (200k– 2M), ukwehla kwezintengo, ukwenziwa ngcono, futhi imithombo yedatha yomkhiqizo eqinisekisiwe inweba ukufinyelela kumabhizinisi anosayizi omaphakathi namahhovisi esevisi.
4. Izinselele kanye Neziqondiso Zesikhathi esizayo
4.1 Izithiyo Zokusebenza Nezokugunyazwa
Naphezu kwentuthuko, i-metal AM ibhekene nezithiyo ekuphindaphindeni, ukufaneleka, kanye nokumisa.
Izinguquko ezincane kukhemikhali ye-powder, okuqukethwe kwewebhu okumanzi, noma ukugxila kwe-laser kungashintsha izakhiwo zemishini, ukufuna ukulawulwa kwenqubo okuqinile kanye nokubhekwa kwe-in-situ (isib., ncibilikisa amakhamera e-swimming pool electronic, amayunithi ezinzwa ze-acoustic).
Ukugunyazwa kwezicelo ezibalulekile zokuphepha– ikakhulukazi ezimbonini zezindiza nezenuzi– idinga ukuqinisekiswa kwezibalo okuphelele ngaphansi kwezakhiwo ezifana ne-ASTM F42, ISO/ASTM 52900, kanye ne-NADCAP, okuyinde futhi kuyabiza.
Izinqubo zokusebenzisa kabusha impushana, izingozi zokungcola, kanye nokuntuleka kwezidingo zomhlaba wonke kwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukukala kwezentengiselwano.
Imizamo iyaqhubeka yokusungula amawele kagesi axhumanisa imininingwane yenqubo nokusebenza kwengxenye, ukunika amandla ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi ebikezelwayo kanye nokulandeleka.
4.2 Amathrendi Avelayo kanye Nezisetshenziswa Zesizukulwane Esilandelayo
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi esizayo kuhlanganisa amasistimu e-laser amaningi (4– 12 ama-laser) lokho kukhulisa kakhulu amanani wokwakha, Imishini eyi-hybrid ehlanganisa i-AM ne-CNC machining ohlelweni olulodwa, kanye ne-in-situ alloying yokwenza izinto ezenziwe ngokwezifiso.
Isistimu yochwepheshe ifakwe ukuze kutholwe inkinga yesikhathi sangempela kanye nokulungiswa kokucaciswa okuguquguqukayo phakathi nokuphrinta.
Imizamo eqhubekayo igxile ekugayweni kabusha kwempushana evaliwe, i-beam eyonga amandla yemithombo yokukhanya, kanye nokuhlolwa komjikelezo wokuphila ukuze kulinganiswe izinzuzo zemvelo kunezindlela ezivamile.
Cwaninga kuma-laser asheshayo, isifutho esibandayo AM, futhi ukuphrinta okusizwa yizibuthe kungase kudlule imikhawulo ekhona ekukhanyeni, ukucindezeleka okuphindaphindiwe nokukhathazeka, nokulawula ukuqondanisa okusanhlamvu.
Njengoba lezi ntuthuko zikhula, ukuphrinta kwensimbi ye-3D kuzoshintsha ngokuqinisekile kusuka kudivayisi ye-niche ye-prototyping kuya kumasu okukhiqiza ajwayelekile– ukulungisa kabusha ukuthi izingxenye zensimbi zenani eliphezulu zenziwa kanjani, yenziwe, futhi ikhishwe ezimakethe zonkana.
5. Umsabalalisi
U-TRUNNO ungumphakeli we-Spherical Tungsten Powder ene-over 12 Iminyaka yokuhlangenwe nakho kwe-nano-building energy ukongiwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-nanotechnology. Yamukela inkokhelo ngekhadi lesikweletu, T/T, I-West Union ne-Paypal. I-Trunnano izothumela izimpahla kumakhasimende aphesheya kwezilwandle nge-FedEx, I-DHL, ngomoya, noma ngolwandle. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe nge-Spherical Tungsten Powder, sicela ukhululeke ukuxhumana nathi futhi uthumele uphenyo.
Omaka: 3d ukuphrinta, 3d ukuphrinta impushana yensimbi, ukuphrinta kwe-powder metallurgy 3d
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