1. Crystallography a me Polymorphism o Titanium Dioxide
1.1 Anatase, Rutile, a me Brookite: Nā ʻokoʻa hoʻonohonoho a me nā kikohoʻe
( Titanium Dioxide)
Titanium dioxide (TiO ₂) he kila oxide maoli i loko 3 ʻano crystalline kumu: rutile, anatase, a me ka brookite, e hōʻike ana kēlā me kēia i nā hoʻonohonoho atomika kūʻokoʻa a me nā waiwai kikohoʻe ʻoiai ke kaʻana like ʻana i ke ʻano kemika like.
Rutile, kekahi o ka mahele thermodynamically pa'a loa, Aia i loko o kahi ʻano kristal tetragonal kahi e hana ʻia ai nā ʻātoma titanium e nā ʻātoma oxygen i loko o kahi paʻa., hoʻonohonoho laina laina ma ka ʻaoʻao c-axis, e alakaʻi ana i ka helu refractive kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi loa.
Anatase, a me ka tetragonal akā me kahi ʻano hāmama keu, he kihi- a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻaoʻao ʻo TiO ₆ octahedra, e hoʻonui i ka mana o ka ʻili a me ka hana photocatalytic kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka mea hāʻawi kālā a me ka emi ʻana o nā helu hoʻohui hou ʻana o ka electron-hole..
Brookite, ʻo ka pae maʻamau a paʻakikī loa e synthesize, hoʻohana i kahi ʻano hana orthorhombic me ka hili ʻana octahedral paʻakikī, a oiai ua emi ka nanaia, hōʻike ia i nā hale waena ma waena o anatase a me rutile me ka ulu ʻana o ka hoihoi i nā ʻōnaehana crossbreed.
ʻOkoʻa iki nā mana bandgap o kēia mau pae: he bandgap o rutile a puni 3.0 eV, anatase a puni 3.2 eV, a me brookite e pili ana 3.3 eV, ka hoʻopili ʻana i kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona hoʻomaʻamaʻa māmā a me ka hiki ʻana no nā noi photochemical.
ʻO ka palekana o ka Phase pili i ka wela; Hoʻololi pinepine ʻo anatase i ka rutile ma mua o 600– 800 ° C, he hoʻololi e pono e mālama ʻia i ka hana wela kiʻekiʻe e mālama i nā hale kūpono i makemake ʻia.
1.2 ʻO ke Kemika Flaw a me ka ʻenehana Doping
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻololi pono ʻia ʻo TiO ₂ mai kāna crystallography kūlohelohe wale nō akā mai kona hiki ke hoʻopili i nā pilikia kumu a me nā dopants e hoʻololi i kāna ʻano kikohoʻe..
Hana nā hana o ka oxygen a me nā interstitials titanium ma ke ʻano he mea hāʻawi n-type, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka conductivity uila a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā moku waena waena e hiki ke hoʻopili i ka absorption optical a me ka hana catalytic.
Hoʻoponopono ʻia ka doping me nā cations kila (e.g., Fe ELUA ⁺, Cr ³ ⁺, V EHA ⁺) aiʻole nā anion metala ʻole (e.g., N, S, C) hōʻemi i ka bandgap ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā pae hoʻohaumia, e hiki ai ke ho'ā 'ana i nā kukui 'ike– he mea hou koʻikoʻi no nā noi hoʻokele lā.
I laʻana, Hoʻololi ka nitrogen doping i nā pūnaewele oxygen lattice, ka hana ʻana i nā mokuʻāina kūloko ma luna o ka puʻu valence e hiki ai ke hoʻoulu ʻia e nā kiʻi me nā lōʻihi nalu 550 nm, hoʻomāhuahua nui i ka ʻāpana hoʻohana o ka lā.
Pono kēia mau hoʻololi no ka lanakila ʻana i ka palena nui o TiO ʻelua: ʻO kona bandgap nui e kaupalena i ka photoactivity i ka wahi ultraviolet, ʻo ia wale nō ma kahi o 4– 5% o ka hihia o ka lā.
( Titanium Dioxide)
2. Nā ʻenehana Synthesis a me ka Mana Morphological
2.1 Nā ʻenehana hana kuʻuna a me ka holomua
Hiki ke hana ʻia ka Titanium dioxide ma o nā ʻano like ʻole, e hoʻohana ana kēlā me kēia pae i ka mana o ka maʻemaʻe pae, ʻāpana ʻāpana, a me morphology.
ʻO ka sulfate a me ka chloride (chlorination) ʻO nā kaʻina hana nā ala ʻoihana nui i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka puaʻa, e komo i ka ʻai ʻana o ka ilmenite a i ʻole ka titanium slag i hoʻokō ʻia e ka hydrolysis a i ʻole ka oxidation e hoʻohua ai i ʻelua mau pauka nui TiO..
No nā noi pono, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka sol-gel, ka hoʻohuihui hydrothermal, a makemake ʻia nā papa solvothermal ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke hana i nā huahana nanostructured me kahi kiʻekiʻe a me ka crystallinity tunable..
ʻO ka hui ʻana o Sol-gel, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka titanium alkoxides e like me ka titanium isopropoxide, ʻae i ka mana stoichiometric pololei a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi, nā monoliths, a i ʻole nanoparticles me ka hydrolysis a me ka polycondensation reactions.
Hiki i nā ʻenehana hydrothermal ke ulu i nā nanostructure ʻokoʻa– e like me nā nanotubes, nanorods, a kauoha i nā microspheres– ma ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana, kaumaha, a me ka pH ma nā hoʻonohonoho wai, hoʻohana pinepine i nā mineralizers e like me NaOH e hoʻolaha i ka ulu anisotropic.
2.2 Nanostructuring a me Heterojunction Design
ʻO ka maikaʻi o TiO ₂ i ka photocatalysis a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ikehu e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ma ka morphology.
Nā nanostructure hoʻokahi-dimensional, e like me nā nanotubes i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka anodization o ka metala titanium, hāʻawi i nā ala kaʻa uila pololei a me nā ʻāpana nui o ka ʻili a me ka nui, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka uku.
Nā pepa nano ʻelua, ʻoi aku ka poʻe e kau nei i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe 001 nā mea i anatase, hōʻike i ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana ma muli o ka mānoanoa nui o nā ʻātoma titanium undercoordinated e hana nei ma ke ʻano he wahi hana no nā pane redox.
E hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka hana, Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia ʻo TiO ʻelua i nā ʻōnaehana heterojunction me nā semiconductors ʻē aʻe (e.g., g-C ʻeono N ₄, CdS, WO EONO) a i ʻole nā mea kōkua conductive e like me graphene a me carbon nanotubes.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa kēia mau composites i ka hoʻokaʻawale spatial o nā electrons photogenerated a me nā lua, hoemi i na poho hui hou, a hoʻonui i ka hoʻomoʻo māmā ʻana i loko o ka pūʻulu i ʻike ʻia ma o ka ʻike ʻana a i ʻole nā hopena hoʻokomo pū.
3. Nā Noho Pono a me ka ʻili o ka ʻili
3.1 Nā Pūnaehana Photocatalytic a me nā noi kaiapuni
ʻO kekahi o ka hale kaulana loa o TiO ₂ ʻo kāna hana photocatalytic ma lalo o ka irradiation UV, ka mea e hiki ai i ka luku ʻana i nā toxins maoli, ʻaʻole i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka bacteria, a me ka holoi ʻana i ka ea a me ka wai.
Ma ka lawe ʻana i ka photon, hauʻoli nā electrons mai ka puʻu valence a i ka hui conduction, e waiho ana i na puka he mau mea hookikina maikai.
Ke pane nei kēia mau mea lawelawe uku me ka wai i hoʻopili ʻia i luna a me ka oxygen e hana i nā ʻano oxygen pane (ROS) e like me nā radical hydroxyl (- OH), nā anion superoxide (- O ELUA ⁻), a me ka hydrogen peroxide (H ELUA O ELUA), ka mea e hoʻoheheʻe ʻole i nā mea haumia maoli i CO ₂, H ₂ O, a me nā ʻakika mineral.
Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana i nā wahi hoʻomaʻemaʻe ponoʻī, kahi o TiO TWO i uhi ʻia i ke aniani a i ʻole nā tile seramika e hoʻopōʻino i ka lepo organik a me nā biofilm ma lalo o ka lā., a i loko o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻamaʻa wai ʻino e ʻimi ana i nā wai kala, lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā mea hoʻopilikia endocrine.
Eia kekahi, Ke hana ʻia nei nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi ʻo TiO TWO no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ea, ka wehe ʻana i nā mea hoʻohuihui kino (VOC) a me nā ʻokikene nitrogen (ʻAʻoleₓ) mai loko a me ke kūlanakauhale.
3.2 ʻO ka hoʻopuʻi ʻana a me ka hana puaʻa
Ma waho aʻe o kāna mau hale noho a i ʻole nā ʻoihana kalepa, ʻO TiO ₂ ka puaʻa keʻokeʻo i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma ka honua ma muli o kona ʻano kuhikuhi refractive kūʻokoʻa. (~ 2.7 no ka rutile), ʻo ia ka mea e hiki ai ke kiʻekiʻe opacity a me ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i nā pena, pau, ilikai, pepa, a me nā mea hoʻonaninani.
Hana ʻia ka puaʻa ma ka hoʻopuʻi ʻana i nā kukui ʻike maikaʻi ʻia; ke hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā ʻāpana i ka hapalua o ka nalu o ka mālamalama (~ 200– 300 nm), Hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia ka mie scattering, ke kumu o ka mana huna.
Ka lapaʻau ʻāina me ka silica, alumina, a i ʻole nā uhi kūlohelohe no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka diffusion, hoemi i ka hana photocatalytic (e pale aku i ka pōʻino o ka matrix host), a hoʻonui i ka paʻa i nā noi waho.
I nā pale lā, Hāʻawi ka nano-sized TiO ₂ i ka pale UV ākea ākea ma o ka hoʻopuʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka radiation UVA a me UVB ʻino ʻoiai e noho mālie ana i ka ʻano ʻike ʻia., ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pale kino me ka ʻole o nā mea hoʻoweliweli i pili me kekahi mau kānana UV kūlohelohe.
4. ʻO nā noi e ala mai ana i ka mana a me nā mea akamai
4.1 Hana i ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka mana o ka lā
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka Titanium dioxide i nā ʻenehana waiwai hou, ʻoi loa i loko o nā cell solar dye-sensitized (Nā DSSC) a me nā pākahi lā perovskite (PSCs).
I nā DSSC, ʻO kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni mesoporous o nanocrystalline anatase lawelawe ma ke ʻano he papa lawe electron, ka ʻae ʻana i nā electrons photoexcited mai kahi dye sensitizer a alakaʻi iā lākou i ke kaapuni waho, ʻoiai ʻo kāna bandgap ākea e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka absorption parasitical liʻiliʻi.
I nā PSC, Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo TiO ʻelua ma ke ʻano he pili koho koho electron, ka paipai ʻana i ka unuhi ʻana i ke kumukūʻai a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka paʻa paʻa, ʻoiai ke hoʻomau nei ke aʻo ʻana e hoʻololi iā ia me nā koho photoactive liʻiliʻi e hoʻonui i ka lōʻihi.
Hoʻopili hou ʻia ʻo TiO ʻelua i ka photoelectrochemical (PEC) ʻōnaehana hoʻokaʻawale wai, kahi e hana ai ma ke ʻano he photoanode e hoʻokahe i ka wai i oxygen, protons, a me nā electrons ma lalo o ke kukui UV, adding to green hydrogen manufacturing.
4.2 Assimilation into Smart Coatings and Biomedical Instruments
Ingenious applications consist of clever home windows with self-cleaning and anti-fogging capacities, where TiO ₂ finishings react to light and moisture to keep transparency and hygiene.
I ka biomedicine, TiO ₂ is investigated for biosensing, medicine shipment, and antimicrobial implants as a result of its biocompatibility, palekana, and photo-triggered reactivity.
ʻo kahi laʻana, TiO ₂ nanotubes expanded on titanium implants can advertise osteointegration while offering local antibacterial action under light direct exposure.
I ka recap, titanium dioxide exhibits the convergence of essential products scientific research with sensible technical development.
Its special combination of optical, digital, a me ka ʻili o ka ʻāina kemika e hiki ai i nā noi ke hoʻololi ʻia mai nā huahana mea kūʻai aku i kēlā me kēia lā i nā ʻōnaehana kaiaola a me ka ikehu..
E like me nā holomua noiʻi i ka nanostructuring, doping, a me ka hoʻolālā hui, Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo TiO ₂ i ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma ke ʻano he huahana kiʻi i nā ʻenehana paʻa a akamai.
5. Mea kūʻai
ʻO RBOSCCHO kahi mea hoʻolako mea hoʻolako kemika honua & mea hana me ka oi 12 mau makahiki i ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā kemika kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nā Nanomaterials. Hoʻokuʻu aku ka hui i nā ʻāina he nui, e like me USA, Kanaka, ʻEulopa, UAE, ʻApelika Hema, Tanazania, Kenia, ʻAikupita, Naigeria, Kameruna, Ukanada, Kuleke, Mekiko, ʻAkepaikana, Pelekiuma, Kupelo, Czech Republic, Palakila, Kili, ʻAlekina, Dubai, Iapana, Korea, Wiekanama, Tailani, Malaia, ʻInidonesia, Nuhōlani,Kelemānia, Palani, Ikalia, Pokukala etc. Ma ke ʻano he mea hana hoʻomohala nanotechnology alakaʻi, ʻO RBOSCHCO ka luna o ka mākeke. Hāʻawi kā mākou hui hana ʻoihana i nā hāʻina kūpono e kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono o nā ʻoihana like ʻole, hana waiwai, a maʻalahi hoʻi i nā pilikia like ʻole. Inā ʻoe e ʻimi nei ʻO ka titanium dioxide ka palekana, e ʻoluʻolu e hoʻouna i leka uila iā: [email protected]
Nā huaʻōlelo: titanium dioxide,titanium titanium dioxide, TiO2
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