1. I-Crystallography ne-Polymorphism ye-Titanium Dioxide
1.1 Anatase, I-Rutile, kanye no-Brookite: Ukwehlukaniswa Kwesakhiwo Nedijithali
( I-Titanium Dioxide)
I-Titanium dioxide (I-TiO ₂) iyi-oxide yensimbi eyenzeka ngokwemvelo ekhona 3 izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamakristalu: rutile, anatase, kanye ne-brookite, ngayinye ibonisa amalungiselelo e-athomu ahlukile kanye nezici zedijithali naphezu kokwabelana ngefomula yamakhemikhali efanayo ncamashi.
I-Rutile, esinye sesigaba esizinze kakhulu se-thermodynamically, ihlanganisa ukwakheka kwekristalu ye-tetragonal lapho ama-athomu e-titanium asetshenziswa nge-octahdrally ngama-athomu omoya-mpilo endaweni eminyene., ukusethwa kweketango lomugqa eduze kwe-c-eksisi, okuholela kunkomba ephezulu ye-refractive kanye nokuzinza kwamakhemikhali okuhle kakhulu.
Anatase, ngaphezu kwalokho i-tetragonal kodwa ngesakhiwo esivulekile esengeziwe, inekona- kanye nokwabelana ngomphetho TiO ₆ octahedra, okubangela amandla amakhulu wendawo kanye nomsebenzi ophezulu we-photocatalytic ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kokunyakaza komhlinzeki wemali kanye nokwehla kwamazinga okuhlanganiswa kabusha kwe-electron-hole.
Brookite, isiteji esincane esijwayelekile nesinzima kakhulu ukuhlanganisa, yamukela uhlaka lwe-orthorhombic oluyinkimbinkimbi ye-octahedral tilting, futhi ngenkathi ihlolwe kancane, ikhombisa amakhaya aphakathi nendawo phakathi kwe-anatase ne-rutile enentshisekelo ekhulayo kumasistimu e-crossbreed.
Amandla e-bandgap alezi zigaba ahluka kancane: i-rutile ine-bandgap ezungezile 3.0 eV, anatase nxazonke 3.2 eV, kanye ne-brookite mayelana 3.3 eV, ukuthonya izici zabo zokumunca ukukhanya nokusebenza kwezinhlelo ezithile ze-photochemical.
Ukuvikeleka kwesigaba kuncike kumazinga okushisa; I-anatase ivamise ukuguquka ngokungenakuguquleka ibe yi-rutile engaphezu kuka-600– 800 °C, ushintsho okufanele luphathwe ekucubunguleni izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ukuze kugcinwe amakhaya asebenzayo athandwayo.
1.2 I-Flaw Chemistry kanye nama-Doping Techniques
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okungokoqobo kwe-TiO ₂ akuveli nje kuphela ekukhanyeni kwayo okungaphakathi kodwa futhi nasemandleni ayo okulingana nezinkinga zesici nama-dopants ashintsha uhlaka lwayo lwedijithali..
Imisebenzi ye-oxygen ne-titanium interstitials isebenza njengabanikeli bohlobo lwe-n, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kukagesi nokudala izifunda ezimaphakathi negebe ezingathinta ukumuncwa kwe-optical kanye nomsebenzi we-catalytic.
I-doping ephethwe ngama-cations ensimbi (isib., Fe TWO ⁺, Cr ³ ⁺, V EZINE ⁺) noma anions non-metal (isib., N, S, C) inciphisa i-bandgap ngokwethula amazinga okungcola, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba kusebenze ukukhanya okubonakalayo– i-innovation ebalulekile yezinhlelo zokusebenza eziqhutshwa yi-solar.
Njengesibonelo, i-nitrogen doping ithatha indawo yamawebhusayithi e-lattice oxygen, ikhiqiza izifunda zendawo ngenhla kwebhendi ye-valence evumela ukujabula ngama-photon anobude obungamaza 550 nm, ukwandisa kakhulu ingxenye esebenzisekayo yobubanzi belanga.
Lokhu kulungiswa kuyadingeka ukuze unqobe umkhawulo oyinhloko we-TiO two: i-bandgap yayo enkulu ikhawulela ukusebenza kwesithombe endaweni ye-ultraviolet, okusho ukuthi 4 kuphela– 5% yokukhanya kwelanga.
( I-Titanium Dioxide)
2. Amasu Wokuhlanganisa Nokulawula I-Morphological
2.1 Izindlela Zokudala Zendabuko Nezithuthukisiwe
I-Titanium dioxide ingakhiqizwa ngezindlela eziningi, ngalinye lisebenzisa amazinga ahlukene okulawula ubumsulwa besiteji, usayizi wesiqephu, kanye ne-morphology.
I-sulfate ne-chloride (i-chlorination) izinqubo ziyimizila emikhulu yezimboni esetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukukhiqizwa kombala, okubandakanya ukugayeka kokudla kwe-ilmenite noma i-titanium slag ethotshelwa yi-hydrolysis noma i-oxidation ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-TiO amampushana amabili.
Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza eziwusizo, izindlela ezimanzi-zamakhemikhali njengokuphatha i-sol-gel, i-hydrothermal synthesis, kanye nezifundo ze-solvothermal ziyathandwa ngenxa yekhono lazo lokukhiqiza imikhiqizo e-nanostructured enendawo ephezulu kanye nobucwebe obucwebezelayo..
I-sol-gel synthesis, kusukela ku-titanium alkoxides njenge-titanium isopropoxide, ivumela ukulawula okuqondile kwe-stoichiometric kanye nokwakhiwa kwamafilimu amancane, ama-monoliths, noma ama-nanoparticles ane-hydrolysis kanye ne-polycondensation reactions.
Izindlela ze-Hydrothermal zivumela ukukhula kwama-nanostructures ahlukene– njengama-nanotubes, ama-nanorods, futhi wa-oda ama-microsphere– ngokuphatha izinga lokushisa, ukucindezeleka, kanye ne-pH kuzilungiselelo ze-liquid, ngokuvamile ukusebenzisa ama-mineralizers afana ne-NaOH ukukhangisa ukukhula kwe-anisotropic.
2.2 I-Nanostructuring kanye ne-Heterojunction Design
Ukusebenza kahle kwe-TiO ₂ ku-photocatalysis nokuguqulwa kwamandla kusekelwe kakhulu ku-morphology.
Ama-nanostructures anohlangothi olulodwa, njengama-nanotubes athuthukiswe yi-anodization yensimbi ye-titanium, hlinzeka ngezindlela zokuhamba nge-electron eqondile kanye nezilinganiso ezinkulu ukusuka phezulu kuye kwevolumu, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwenkokhiso.
Ama-nanosheet anezinhlangothi ezimbili, ikakhulukazi labo abasebenzisa amandla aphezulu 001 izakhi ku-anatase, bonisa ukusebenza kabusha okuphakeme njengomphumela wokushuba okukhulu kwama-athomu e-titanium angaxhumene kahle asebenza njengeziza ezisebenzayo zokuphendula i-redox.
Ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza kangcono, I-TiO yesibili ijwayele ukuhlanganiswa ngqo kuma-heterojunction systems namanye ama-semiconductors (isib., g-C isithupha N ₄, CdS, WO ESITHUPHA) noma izinsiza ze-conductive njenge-graphene ne-carbon nanotubes.
Lezi zinhlanganisela zisiza ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo kwama-electron akhiqizwa izithombe nezimbobo, nciphisa ukulahlekelwa kokuhlanganisa kabusha, futhi unwebe ukumuncwa kokukhanya khona kanye kumalungu afanayo abonakalayo ngokusebenzisa ukuzwela noma imiphumela yokubeka ibhendi.
3. Izindawo Zokuhlala Eziwusizo Nokuzwela Komhlaba
3.1 Amasistimu we-Photocatalytic kanye nezicelo zemvelo
Esinye sezakhiwo ezidume kakhulu ze-TiO ₂ umsebenzi wayo we-photocatalytic ngaphansi kwemisebe ye-UV, okuvumela ukucekelwa phansi kobuthi bemvelo, ukungasebenzi kwebhaktheriya, kanye nokuhlunga komoya namanzi.
Lapho ukumuncwa kwe-photon, ama-electron ajabulile kusukela kubhendi ye-valence kuya ebhendini yokuqhuba, ukushiya izimbobo ezingabameleli be-oxidizing abaphumelelayo.
Laba bahlinzeki besevisi yenkokhelo baphendula ngamanzi angaphezulu-adsorbed nomoya-mpilo ukuze bakhe izinhlobo ezisabelayo zomoya-mpilo (I-ROS) njenge-hydroxyl radicals (- OH), superoxide anions (- O OKUBILI ⁻), kanye ne-hydrogen peroxide (H OKUBILI O OKUBILI), okuyinto engakhethi i-oxidize ukungcola kwemvelo khona kanye ku-CO ₂, H ₂ O, kanye nama-mineral acids.
Lo mshini usetshenziswa ezindaweni ezizihlanzayo, lapho i-TiO EZIMBILI ingilazi embozwe noma amathayela e-ceramic elimaza phansi ukungcola okuphilayo nama-biofilms ngaphansi kwelanga, nasezinhlelweni zokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile eziqondise odayi, izidakamizwa, kanye neziphazamiso ze-endocrine.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ama-photocatalyst asuselwa ku-TiO TWO adalelwa ukuhlanzwa komoya, ukususa ama-organic compounds aguquguqukayo (Ama-VOC) kanye nama-nitrogen oxides (CHAₓ) kusukela ezindaweni zasendlini kanye nedolobha.
3.2 I-Optical Scattering kanye Ne-Pigment Performance
Ngalé kwezindawo zayo zokuhlala ezisabelayo noma ezohwebo, I-TiO ₂ iwumbala omhlophe osetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni ngenxa yenkomba yayo egqamile. (~ 2.7 ngoba rutile), okwenza kube lula ukukhanya okuphezulu nokukhanya kumapende, iyaqeda, amapulasitiki, iphepha, kanye nezimonyo.
I-pigment isebenza ngokusabalalisa ukukhanya okubonakalayo ngempumelelo; lapho i-particle dimension ithuthukiswa ukuze icishe ibe uhhafu we-wavelength yokukhanya (~ 200– 300 nm), I-Mie scattering isetshenziswa kakhulu, okubangela amandla akhethekile okucasha.
Ukwelashwa kwendawo engaphezulu nge-silica, i-alumina, noma izembozo zemvelo zisetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukusabalalisa, nciphisa umsebenzi we-photocatalytic (ukugwema ukuwohloka kwe-matrix yomsingathi), futhi uthuthukise ukuqina ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zangaphandle.
Ezikhiqizweni zelanga, I-TiO ₂ enosayizi we-nano inikeza ukuvikela kwe-UV okubanzi ngokusakaza nokumunca imisebe eyingozi ye-UVA ne-UVB kuyilapho ihlala icacile ezinhlobonhlobo ezibonakalayo., usebenzisa isithiyo esingokomzimba ngaphandle kwezinsongo ezixhunywe nezihlungi zemvelo ze-UV.
4. Ukuvela Kwezinhlelo Zokusebenza Ngamandla Nezinto Ezihlakaniphile
4.1 Umsebenzi Ekuguquleni Amandla Elanga kanye Nesitoreji
I-Titanium dioxide idlala indima ebalulekile kubuchwepheshe bezinsiza ezivuselelekayo, ikakhulukazi kumaseli elanga azwela udayi (Ama-DSSC) kanye namabhethri elanga e-perovskite (Ama-PSC).
Kuma-DSSC, imuvi ye-mesoporous ye-nanocrystalline anatase isebenza njengesendlalelo se-electron-zokuthutha, ukwamukela ama-electron ane-photoexcited avela kusizwisisi sikadayi futhi ewahambisa kumjikelezo wangaphandle, kuyilapho i-bandgap yayo ebanzi iqinisekisa ukumuncwa okuncane kwe-parasitical.
Kuma-PSC, I-TiO yesibili isebenza njengokuxhumana okukhethiwe kwe-electron, ukukhuthaza ukukhishwa kwezindleko kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwamathuluzi, nakuba ucwaningo lusaqhubeka ukulishintsha ngokukhetha okuncane kakhulu kwezithombe zokuthuthukisa impilo ende.
I-TiO yesibili iphinde ihlolwe ku-photoelectrochemical (I-PEC) izinhlelo zokuhlukanisa amanzi, lapho isebenza njenge-photoanode ukuze i-oxidize amanzi abe umoya-mpilo, ama-proton, nama-electron ngaphansi kokukhanya kwe-UV, ukwengeza ekukhiqizeni i-hydrogen eluhlaza.
4.2 Ukufanisa ku-Smart Coatings kanye nezinsimbi ze-Biomedical
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlakaniphile zihlanganisa amafasitela ahlakaniphile asekhaya anekhono lokuzihlanza kanye namandla okulwa nenkungu., lapho ukuqedwa kwe-TiO ₂ kusabela ekukhanyeni nakumswakama ukuze kugcinwe obala nokuhlanzeka.
Ku-biomedicine, I-TiO ₂ iphenywa nge-biosensing, ukuthunyelwa kwemithi, kanye nokufakwa kwe-antimicrobial ngenxa ye-biocompatibility yayo, ezokuphepha, kanye nokwenza kabusha okucushwe isithombe.
Ngokwesibonelo, Ama-TiO ₂ nanotubes anwetshwe ekufakweni kwe-titanium angakhangisa i-osteointegration ngenkathi enikeza isenzo sendawo sokulwa namagciwane ngaphansi kokuchayeka okuqondile okuqondile..
Ngokufingqa, i-titanium dioxide ibonisa ukuhlangana kwemikhiqizo ebalulekile ucwaningo lwesayensi nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe okunengqondo.
Inhlanganisela yayo ekhethekile ye-optical, idijithali, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zamakhemikhali ezingaphezulu zenza izicelo zihluke kusukela kumikhiqizo yamakhasimende yansuku zonke kuye kumasistimu aphambili emvelo namandla.
Njengempumelelo yocwaningo ku-nanostructuring, i-doping, kanye nomklamo oyinhlanganisela, I-TiO ₂ iyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka njengomkhiqizo wetshe elingukhiye kubuchwepheshe besimanje obuhlala njalo nobuhlakaniphile.
5. Umthengisi
I-RBOSCHCO ingumnikezeli wempahla yamakhemikhali othembekile emhlabeni jikelele & umkhiqizi one-over 12 isipiliyoni seminyaka ekuhlinzekeni amakhemikhali ekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu namaNanomaterials. Inkampani ithumela emazweni amaningi, njenge-USA, Canada, EYurophu, I-UAE, Iningizimu Afrika, eTanzania, Kenya, iGibhithe, eNigeria, eCameroon, Uganda, igalikuni, Mexico, I-Azerbaijan, EBelgium, eKhupro, I-Czech Republic, Brazil, eChile, E-Argentina, I-Dubai, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, I-Malaysia, I-Indonesia, Australia,EJalimane, France, Italy, Portugal njll. Njengomkhiqizi ohamba phambili wokuthuthukiswa kwe-nanotechnology, I-RBOSCHCO ibusa imakethe. Ithimba lethu lomsebenzi ochwepheshe linikeza izixazululo eziphelele ukusiza ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezimboni ezihlukahlukene, dala inani, futhi ubhekane kalula nezinselele ezihlukahlukene. Uma ufuna i-titanium dioxide iphephile, sicela uthumele i-imeyili ku: [email protected]
Omaka: titanium dioxide,titanium dioxide, I-TiO2
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