1. Crystallography na Polymorphism nke Titanium Dioxide
1.1 Anatase, Rutile, na Brookite: Ọpụiche Ọdịdị na Dijitalụ
( Titanium dioxide)
Titanium dioxide (TiO ₂) bụ ígwè oxide na-eme n'ezie nke dị na ya 3 ụdị kristal mbụ: rutile, anatase, na Brookite, onye ọ bụla na-egosipụta nhazi atọm pụrụ iche yana akụrụngwa dijitalụ n'agbanyeghị na-ekerịta otu usoro kemịkal ahụ.
Rutile, otu n'ime usoro okpomọkụ kachasị mma, na-agụnye ihe owuwu kristal tetragonal ebe atom titanium na-arụ ọrụ octahedrally site na ikuku oxygen na nnukwu nnukwu., ntọlite yinye ahịrị n'akụkụ c-axis, na-eduga na elu refractive index na magburu onwe chemical nkwụsi ike.
Anatase, Ọzọkwa tetragonal mana nwere ihe owuwu mepere emepe, nwere akuku- na ọnụ-ịkekọrịta TiO ₆ octahedra, na-eme ka ike dị elu dị elu na ọrụ photocatalytic dị elu n'ihi nkwalite mmeghari ndị na-enye ego na mbelata ọnụego nchikota electron-hole..
Brookite, nke kacha nta ahụkarị na kasị ike synthesize ogbo, na-eji usoro orthorhombic nwere mgbagwoju anya octahedral tilting, na mgbe obere enyocha, ọ na-egosi n'etiti ụlọ n'etiti anatase na rutile na-ebilite mmasị na crossbreed usoro.
Ikike bandgap nke usoro ndị a dị iche iche: rutile nwere bandgap gburugburu 3.0 eV, anatase gburugburu 3.2 eV, na Brookite gbasara 3.3 eV, na-emetụta njirimara mmịnye ọkụ ha na ike ha maka ngwa fotochemical pụrụ iche.
Nchekwa usoro dabere na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ; anatase na-agbanwekarị n'enweghị mgbagha ka ọ bụrụ rutile karịrị 600– 800 Celsius C, mgbanwe nke a ghaghị ijikwa na nhazi okpomọkụ dị elu iji nọgide na-enwe ụlọ ndị bara uru na-ahọrọ.
1.2 Usoro Chemistry adịghị mma na usoro iji doping
Ntugharị bara uru nke TiO ₂ na-apụta ọ bụghị naanị site na crystallography nke ebupụtara ya kamakwa site na ike ya dabara na nsogbu ihe na dopants nke na-agbanwe usoro dijitalụ ya..
Ọrụ oxygen na titanium interstitials na-arụ ọrụ dị ka n-ụdị ntinye aka, na-eme ka ọkụ eletrik dịkwuo elu na ịmepụta steeti etiti oghere nke nwere ike imetụta nnabata anya na ọrụ catalytic.
Jikwaa doping na ígwè cations (eg, Fe abụọ, Cr³, V anọ) ma ọ bụ anions na-abụghị metal (eg, N, S, C) na-ebelata ọdịiche ahụ site na iwebata ọkwa mmetọ, na-eme ka o kwe omume ịgbalite ìhè anya– ihe ọhụrụ dị oke egwu maka ngwa ndị na-anya anyanwụ.
Dị ka ihe atụ, nitrogen doping na-anọchi ebe nrụọrụ weebụ oxygen lattice, na-emepụta steeti mpaghara n'elu valence band nke na-eme ka mkpali site na foton nwere ogologo ogologo ogologo oge. 550 nm, na-agbasawanye akụkụ a na-arụ ọrụ nke oke anyanwụ.
Mgbanwe ndị a dị mkpa maka imeri mmachi TiO abụọ: Nnukwu bandgap ya na-egbochi fotoactivity na mpaghara ultraviolet, nke bụ naanị ihe dịka 4– 5% nke ìhè anyanwụ.
( Titanium dioxide)
2. Usoro synthesis na njikwa anụ ahụ
2.1 Usoro omenala na nke dị elu
Enwere ike ịmepụta titanium dioxide site n'ụdị dị iche iche, onye ọ bụla na-eji ọkwa dị iche iche na-achịkwa ịdị ọcha ogbo, iberibe iberibe, na morphology.
Sulfate na chloride (chlorination) Usoro bụ nnukwu ụzọ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe etinyere tumadi maka imepụta pigmenti, na-eme ka mgbaze nri nke ilmenite ma ọ bụ titanium slag kwadoro site na hydrolysis ma ọ bụ oxidation iji nye nnukwu TiO ntụ ntụ abụọ..
Maka ngwa bara uru, ụzọ kemịkalụ mmiri dị ka njikwa sol-gel, njikọ hydrothermal, na solvothermal ọmụmụ na-amasị n'ihi na ha ike imepụta nanostructured ngwaahịa na elu ebe na tunable crystallinity..
Sol-gel njikọ, malite na titanium alkoxides dị ka titanium isopropoxide, na-enye ohere njikwa stoichiometric kpọmkwem na ịmepụta ihe nkiri dị mkpa, monoliths, ma ọ bụ nanoparticles nwere hydrolysis na polycondensation mmeghachi omume.
Usoro hydrothermal na-enyere aka itolite nanostructures dị iche iche– dị ka nanotubes, nanorod, na iwu microspheres– site na ijikwa okpomọkụ, nrụgide, na pH na ntọala mmiri mmiri, na-ejikarị mineralizers dị ka NaOH iji kpọsaa uto anisotropic.
2.2 Nanostructuring na Heterojunction Design
Ịrụ ọrụ nke TiO ₂ na photocatalysis na ntụgharị ike dabere na morphology.
Otu akụkụ nanostructures, dị ka nanotubes mepụtara site anodization nke titanium metal, nye ụzọ njem elektrọn kwụ ọtọ na oke elu ruo n'oke, imeziwanye ụgwọ ọrụ nkewa.
nanosheets akụkụ abụọ, karịsịa ndị na-enye ike dị elu 001 ihe na anatase, Gosipụta mmeghachi omume dị elu n'ihi nnukwu ọkpụrụkpụ nke atom titanium ahazibeghị nke ọma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka saịtị na-arụ ọrụ maka nzaghachi redox..
Iji meziwanye arụmọrụ, A na-ejikọkarị TiO abụọ n'ime sistemu heterojunction yana semiconductor ndị ọzọ (eg, g-C isii N ₄, CdS, WO isii) ma ọ bụ enyemaka nduzi dị ka graphene na carbon nanotubes.
Ngwakọta ndị a na-eme ka ikewa oghere nke electrons na oghere ndị a na-emepụta ihe, belata mfu nchikota, ma gbasaa mmịnye ọkụ ozugbo n'usoro a na-ahụ anya site na nhụsianya ma ọ bụ nsonaazụ ntinye band.
3. Ebe obibi bara uru yana mmetụta dị n'elu
3.1 Sistemu fotocatalytic na ngwa gburugburu
Otu n'ime ụlọ kacha ewu ewu na TiO ₂ bụ ọrụ fotocatalytic ya n'okpuru irradiation UV, nke na-enye ohere ibibi nsị eke, arụ ọrụ nje bacteria, na ikuku na mmiri filtration.
Mgbe etinyere foton, eletrọn na-enwe obi ụtọ site na valence band ruo na band conduction, na-ahapụ oghere ndị nnọchiteanya oxidizing dị irè.
Ndị na-enye ọrụ ego a na-eji mmiri na-ekpuchi elu na ikuku oxygen na-emeghachi omume iji mepụta ụdị oxygen na-anabata (ROS) dị ka hydroxyl radicals (- OH), superoxide anions (- O ABỤỌ), na hydrogen peroxide (H ABỤỌ O ABỤỌ), nke na-abụghị nhọrọ oxidize eke emetọ n'ime CO ₂, H ₂ O, na mineral acid.
A na-eji usoro a eme ihe n'elu ebe na-ehicha onwe ya, Ebe iko ma ọ bụ seramiiki kpuchiri TiO abụọ na-emebi unyi organic na biofilms n'okpuru anwụ, na na usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri na-ezubere agba, ọgwụ ọjọọ, na ọrịa endocrine.
Ọzọkwa, A na-emepụta fotocatalysts dabere na TiO abụọ maka ịdị ọcha ikuku, iwepu ogige organic na-agbanwe agbanwe (VOCs) na nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) site na ime ụlọ na gburugburu obodo.
3.2 Ịgbasa ngwa anya na arụrụ pigmenti
N'ofè ụlọ obibi ma ọ bụ azụmahịa na-anabata ya, TiO ₂ bụ pigmenti ọcha a na-ejikarị eme ihe na mbara ala n'ihi ntugharị ntugharị ya pụrụ iche. (~ 2.7 maka rutile), nke na-eme ka o kwe omume maka nnukwu opacity na ìhè na agba, emecha, plastik, akwụkwọ, na ihe ịchọ mma.
Pigmenti na-arụ ọrụ site n'ịchụsasị ìhè a na-ahụ anya nke ọma; mgbe a na-eme ka akụkụ akụkụ ahụ dịkwuo elu ruo ihe dị ka ọkara ogologo ogologo nke ìhè (~ 200– 300 nm), A na-eji mịkpọsa nke ọma mee ihe, na-eme ka ike ezoro ezo pụrụ iche.
Iji silica na-agwọ ebe dị n'elu, alumina, ma ọ bụ a na-etinye ihe mkpuchi sitere n'okike iji kwalite mgbasa, belata ọrụ photocatalytic (iji zere mmebi nke matrix nnabata), na kwalite sturdiness na n'èzí ngwa.
Na sunscreens, nano-sized TiO ₂ na-enye nchebe UV sara mbara site n'ịchụsasị na ịmịkọrọ UVA na UVB radieshon na-emerụ ahụ ka ọ na-anọpụ iche n'ụdị a na-ahụ anya., iji mgbochi anụ ahụ na-enweghị ihe iyi egwu jikọtara ya na ụfọdụ ihe nzacha UV eke.
4. Ngwa na-ebili na ike yana ngwa ngwa
4.1 Ọrụ na Ntugharị Ike Anyanwụ na Nchekwa
Titanium dioxide na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na teknụzụ akụrụngwa enwere ike imeghari, nke kachasị na mkpụrụ ndụ anyanwụ nwere agba agba (Ndị DSSC) na perovskite anyanwụ batrị (Ndị PSC).
Na DSSC, ihe nkiri mesoporous nke nanocrystalline anatase na-eje ozi dị ka oyi akwa-ebufe eletrọn, ịnakwere foto elektrọn ndị nwere obi ụtọ site na ihe mmetụta agba ma na-eduzi ha na sekit dị n'èzí, ebe obosara bandgap ya na-ekwe nkwa nnabata parasitic pere mpe.
Na PSC, TiO abụọ na-eje ozi dị ka kọntaktị eletrọn-ahọpụtara, na-akwalite mmịpụta ọnụ ahịa na ịkwalite nkwụsi ike ngwá ọrụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọmụmụ ihe na-aga n'ihu iji dochie ya na nhọrọ ndị na-adịghị ala ala iji kwalite ogologo ndụ.
A na-enyochakwa TiO abụọ na fotoelectrochemical (PEC) usoro nkewa mmiri, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka photoanode iji oxidize mmiri n'ime oxygen, protons, na electrons n'okpuru ìhè UV, na-agbakwunye na mmepụta hydrogen green.
4.2 Assimilation n'ime mkpuchi mkpuchi smart na ngwa ọgwụ
Ngwa nwere ọgụgụ isi nwere mpio ụlọ nwere ọgụgụ isi nwere ike ihicha onwe ya yana mgbochi fogging, ebe TiO ₂ finishings na-emeghachi omume na ìhè na mmiri iji debe nghọta na ịdị ọcha.
Na biomedicine, A na-enyocha TiO₂ maka biosensing, mbupu ọgwụ, na ihe mgbochi antimicrobial n'ihi na ya biocompatibility, nche, na foto kpaliri reactivity.
Dị ka ọmụmaatụ, TiO ₂ nanotubes gbasaa na titanium implants nwere ike ịkpọsa osteointegration mgbe ọ na-enye ihe nje antibacterial mpaghara n'okpuru ìhè ọkụ..
Na nchịkọta, titanium dioxide na-egosipụta nchikota nke ngwaahịa dị mkpa nyocha sayensị na mmepe teknụzụ nwere ezi uche.
Ngwakọta ya pụrụ iche nke ngwa anya, dijitalụ, na n'elu ebe kemịkalụ residential Njirimara na-enyere ngwa dịgasị iche iche site na ụbọchị ruo ụbọchị ndị ahịa ngwaahịa ruo ọnwụ ọnụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ike usoro..
Dị ka nchọpụta ọganihu na nanostructuring, doping, na nhazi nhazi, TiO ₂ na-aga n'ihu na-etolite dị ka ngwaahịa isi na teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-adịgide adịgide.
5. Onye na-ere ahịa
RBOSCHCO bụ onye na-ebubata kemịkalụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ntụkwasị obi & emeputa na ihe karịrị 12 ahụmịhe afọ n'inye kemịkalụ dị oke mma na Nanomaterials. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ebupụ n'ọtụtụ mba, dị ka USA, Canada, Europe, UAE, South Africa, Tanzania, Kenya, Egypt, Nigeria, Cameroon, Uganda, toro toro, Mexico, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Saịprọs, Czech Republic, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Dubai, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Ọstrelia,Germany, France, Ịtali, Portugal wdg. Dịka onye nrụpụta mmepe nanotechnology na-eduga, RBOSCHCO na-achị ahịa. Ndị otu ọrụ ọkachamara anyị na-enye ngwọta zuru oke iji nyere aka melite arụmọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, mepụta uru, na mfe ịnagide nsogbu dị iche iche. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-achọ titanium dioxide dị mma, biko zigara email na: [email protected]
Tags: titanium dioxide,titanium dioxide, TiO2
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