1. I-Crystallography kunye nePolymorphism ye-Titanium Dioxide
1.1 Anatase, I-Rutile, kunye noBrookite: Ukwahlulahlula ngokwesakhiwo kunye neDijithali
( I-Titanium Dioxide)
I-Titanium dioxide (I-TiO ₂) yintsimbi eyenzeka ngokwemvelo ekhoyo 3 iintlobo zekristale eziphambili: rutile, anatase, kunye nebrookite, ngalinye libonisa ulungelelwaniso olwahlukileyo lweathom kunye neepropati zedijithali ngaphandle kokwabelana ngefomula yekhemikhali echanekileyo.
I-Rutile, esinye sezona nqanaba zizinzileyo ze-thermodynamically, ibandakanya ubume bekristale obuyitetragonal apho iiathom zetitanium zisetyenzwa nge-octahedral ngeathom zeoksijini kwindawo exineneyo., useto lwekhonkco lomgca ecaleni kwe-c-axis, ekhokelela kwisalathisi esiphezulu se-refractive kunye nozinzo oluhle kakhulu lweekhemikhali.
Anatase, ukongeza i-tetragonal kodwa inesakhiwo esongezelelweyo esivulekileyo, inekona- kunye nokwabelana ngomphetho TiO ₆ octahedra, kubangela amandla amakhulu ommandla kunye nomsebenzi ophezulu we-photocatalytic ngenxa yentshukumo ephuculweyo yomrhumo kunye nokwehla kwamazinga okudibanisa i-electron-hole.
Brookite, elona nqanaba lincinci kwaye linzima kakhulu ukulidibanisa, yamkela isakhelo se-orthorhombic esine-octahedral eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthambeka, kwaye ngelixa ihlolwe kancinci, ibonisa amakhaya aphakathi phakathi kwe-anatase kunye ne-rutile enomdla okhulayo kwiinkqubo ze-crossbreed.
Amandla e-bandgap kwezi zigaba ahluke kancinane: i-rutile ine-bandgap ejikeleze 3.0 eV, anatase around 3.2 eV, kunye nebrookite malunga 3.3 eV, ukuphembelela iimpawu zabo zokufunxa ukukhanya kunye nokusebenza kwizicelo ezithile zeekhemikhali.
Ukhuseleko lwesigaba luxhomekeke kubushushu; I-anatase idla ngokutshintsha ngokungenakuguquleka ukuya kwi-rutile ngaphezulu kwama-600– 800 °C, inguqu ekufuneka ilawulwe kwi-high-temperature processing ukugcina amakhaya asebenzayo akhethwayo.
1.2 I-Flaw Chemistry kunye ne-Doping Techniques
Ukuziqhelanisa okusebenzayo kwe-TiO ₂ akwenzeki kuphela kwicrystallography yangaphakathi kodwa nakwisakhono sayo sokulungelelanisa iingxaki kunye nee-dopants eziguqula isakhelo sayo sedijithali..
Imisebenzi yeoksijini kunye ne-titanium interstitials isebenza njengabancedisi bohlobo lwe-n, ukonyusa ukuhanjiswa kombane kunye nokudala imimandla ephakathi komsantsa onokuchaphazela ukufunxwa kwamehlo kunye nomsebenzi oncedisayo..
Idoping elawulwayo kunye neecations zentsimbi (umz., Fe ZIMBINI ⁺, Cr ³ ⁺, V EZINE ⁺) okanye anions non-metal (umz., N, S, C) icutha umsantsa ngokuzisa amanqanaba ongcoliseko, ukwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba kusebenze ukukhanya okubonakalayo– inguqulelo ebalulekileyo yezicelo eziqhutywa yilanga.
Njengomzekelo, i-nitrogen doping ithatha indawo yeewebhusayithi ze-oksijini ze-lattice, ivelisa amazwe asekuhlaleni ngaphezulu kwebhendi yevalence eyenza uchulumanco ngeefotoni ezinobude obumalunga namaza 550 nm, ukwandisa kakhulu indawo enokusetyenziswa kuluhlu lwelanga.
Olu hlengahlengiso luyimfuneko ekoyiseni uthintelo oluphambili lwe-TiO ezimbini: i-bandgap yayo enkulu inciphisa ukusebenza kwefoto kwindawo ye-ultraviolet, eyenza malunga ne-4 kuphela– 5% yokukhanya kwelanga.
( I-Titanium Dioxide)
2. Iindlela zokuSebenza kunye noLawulo lwe-Morphological
2.1 UbuGcisa beNtu kunye noBuchule bokuFaka
I-Titanium dioxide inokuveliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, nganye isebenzisa amanqanaba ahlukeneyo olawulo kubunyulu beqonga, ubungakanani beqhekeza, kunye ne-morphology.
I-sulfate kunye nekloridi (chlorination) Iinkqubo ziindlela ezinkulu zemizi-mveliso ezisetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukwenza i-pigment, kubandakanya ukucolwa kokutya kwe-ilmenite okanye i-titanium slag ethotyelwe yi-hydrolysis okanye i-oxidation ukuvelisa ii-TiO ezinkulu ezimbini.
Kwizicelo eziluncedo, iindlela ezimanzi-zekhemikhali ezifana nokuphathwa kwe-sol-gel, i-hydrothermal synthesis, kunye nezifundo ze-solvothermal zithandwa ngenxa yokukwazi ukuvelisa iimveliso ze-nanostructured kunye nommandla ophezulu kunye ne-crystallinity.
I-Sol-gel synthesis, ukuqala kwi-titanium alkoxides njenge-titanium isopropoxide, ivumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwe-stoichiometric kunye nokwakheka kweefilimu ezincinci, ii-monoliths, okanye i-nanoparticles ene-hydrolysis kunye ne-polycondensation reactions.
Ubuchule be-Hydrothermal buvumela ukukhula kwe-nanostructures eyahlukileyo– njengee-nanotubes, iinanorods, kunye nee-microspheres ezicwangcisiweyo– ngokulawula ubushushu, uxinzelelo, kunye ne-pH kwiisethingi zolwelo, kaninzi usebenzisa i-mineralizers efana ne-NaOH ukubhengeza ukukhula kwe-anisotropic.
2.2 I-Nanostructuring kunye ne-Heterojunction Design
Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-TiO ₂ kwi-photocatalysis kunye nokuguqulwa kwamandla kusekelwe kakhulu kwi-morphology.
I-nanostructures ene-dimensional enye, njengee-nanotubes eziphuhliswe yi-anodization ye-titanium metal, ukubonelela ngeendlela zothutho ze-electron ezithe ngqo kunye nomlinganiselo omkhulu womphezulu ukuya kumthamo, ukuphucula ukusebenza kokwahlulwa kwentlawulo.
Iinanosheets ezinomacala amabini, ngakumbi abo baphantsi kwamandla aphezulu 001 izinto kwi-anatase, bonisa ukusebenza kwakhona okungaphezulu ngenxa yobunzima obukhulu beeathom zetitanium ezingalungelelanisiweyo ezisebenza njengeziza ezisebenzayo zeempendulo zeredox.
Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle, I-TiO ezimbini ziqhele ukuhlanganiswa ngqo kwiinkqubo ze-heterojunction kunye nezinye i-semiconductors (umz., g-C ezintandathu N ₄, CdS, IWO ESITHANDATHU) okanye uncedo oluqhubayo njengegraphene kunye necarbon nanotubes.
Ezi zidibanisi ziququzelela ukwahlulwa kwendawo yee-electron ezenziwe ngeefoto kunye nemingxuma, nciphisa ilahleko yokudibanisa kwakhona, kwaye wandise ukufunxwa kokukhanya kanye kuluhlu olubonakalayo ngokwazisa okanye ukubekwa kwebhendi iziphumo.
3. IiNdawo zokuHlala eziLuncedo kunye nobuNtunu boMphezulu
3.1 IiNkqubo zePhotocatalytic kunye nezicelo zokusiNgqongileyo
Esinye sezona zakhiwo zidumileyo ze-TiO ₂ ngumsebenzi we-photocatalytic phantsi kwe-UV irradiation, evumela ukutshatyalaliswa kweetyhefu zendalo, ukungasebenzi kwebhaktheriya, kunye nokuhluzwa komoya namanzi.
Phezu kokufunxwa kwefoton, ii-electron ziyavuya ukusuka kwibhendi ye-valence ukuya kwibhendi yokuqhuba, eshiya imingxunya ukuba abameli oxidizing ngempumelelo.
Aba baboneleli ngenkonzo yomrhumo baphendula ngamanzi angaphezulu-adsorbed kunye neoksijini ukudala iintlobo ze-oksijini eziphendulayo (I-ROS) njenge-hydroxyl radicals (- OH), superoxide anions (- O ZIMBINI ⁻), kunye ne-hydrogen peroxide (H ZIMBINI O ZIMBINI), engakhethiyo i-oxidize ungcoliseko lwendalo ngqo kwi-CO ₂, H ₂ O, kunye ne-mineral acids.
Lo matshini usetyenziswa kwiindawo zokuzicoca, apho i-TiO EMBINI egqunywe iglasi okanye iithayile ze-ceramic zonakalisa ubumdaka obuphilayo kunye ne-biofilms phantsi kwelanga, nakwiinkqubo zokunyanga amanzi amdaka ezijolise kwidayi, iziyobisi, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine.
Ngaphaya koko, I-TiO TWO-based photocatalysts yenzelwe ukuhlanjululwa komoya, ukususa iikhompawundi eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo (IiVOCs) kunye neeoksidi zenitrogen (HAYIₓ) ukusuka kwindawo zangaphakathi kunye nedolophu.
3.2 Ukuchithwa kwe-Optical kunye nokusebenza kwePigment
Ngaphaya kweepropati zayo zokuhlala okanye zorhwebo ezisabelayo, I-TiO ₂ sesona siqhelo sisetyenziswa kwi-pigment emhlophe kwiplanethi ngenxa yesalathiso saso esikhethekileyo. (~ 2.7 kuba rutile), eyenza ukuba kube lula ukukhanya okuphezulu kunye nokukhanya kwiipende, ugqiba, iiplastiki, iphepha, kunye nezinto zokuthambisa.
I-pigment isebenza ngokusasaza ukukhanya okubonakalayo ngempumelelo; xa idimension yesuntswana iphuculwe ukuya kuthi ga kwisiqingatha sobude bokukhanya (~ 200– 300 nm), Ukuchithakala kwam kusetyenziswa kakhulu, kubangela amandla okufihla akhethekileyo.
Unyango lwendawo engaphezulu nge-silica, ialumina, okanye izigqubuthelo zendalo zifakwe ukunyusa usasazo, ukunciphisa umsebenzi we-photocatalytic (ukunqanda ukuwohloka kwe-matrix yenginginya), kunye nokwandisa ukuqina kwizicelo zangaphandle.
Kwizikhuseli zelanga, i-nano-sized TiO ₂ inika ukhuselo lwe-UV olubanzi ngokusasaza kunye nokufunxa imitha ye-UVA kunye ne-UVB eyingozi ngelixa ihlala icacile kwiindidi ezibonakalayo., usebenzisa isithintelo somzimba ngaphandle kwezoyikiso ezidityaniswe nezinye izihluzi zendalo ze-UV.
4. Ukuvela kwezicelo kuMandla kunye neMpahla eSmart
4.1 Umsebenzi kuGuqulelo loMbane weSola kunye noGcino
I-Titanium dioxide idlala indima ebalulekileyo kubuchwephesha bemithombo ehlaziyekayo, kakhulu kwiiseli zelanga ezenziwe ngedayi (Ii-DSSCs) kunye neebhetri zelanga ze-perovskite (Ii-PSCs).
KwiiDSSC, imuvi ye-mesoporous ye-nanocrystalline anatase isebenza njengomaleko we-electron-transport, ukwamkela i-electron e-photoexcited evela kwi-sensitizer yedayi kunye nokuzihambisa kwisekethe yangaphandle, ngelixa i-bandap yayo ebanzi iqinisekisa ukufunxa okuncinci kweparasitiki.
Kwii-PSCs, I-TiO ezimbini isebenza njengoqhagamshelwano olukhethiweyo lwe-electron, ukukhuthaza ukutsalwa kweendleko kunye nokuphucula uzinzo lwezixhobo, nangona uphononongo luqhubeleka ukuyitshintsha ngokhetho oluncinci lokufota ukukhulisa ubomi obude.
I-TiO ezimbini iphinda ihlolwe kwi-photoelectrochemical (I-PEC) iinkqubo zokwahlula amanzi, apho isebenza njenge-photoanode ukuze i-oxidize amanzi kwi-oxygen, iiprotoni, kunye nee-electron phantsi kokukhanya kwe-UV, ukongeza kwimveliso ye-hydrogen eluhlaza.
4.2 Ukufakwa kwi-Smart Coatings kunye ne-Biomedical Instruments
Usetyenziso olukrelekrele lubandakanya iifestile zasekhaya ezikrelekrele ezikwazi ukuzicoca kunye namandla okuchasa inkungu., apho ukugqiba kwe-TiO ₂ kusabela ekukhanyeni kunye nokufuma ukugcina ukungafihli kunye nococeko.
Kwi-biomedicine, I-TiO ₂ iphandwa nge-biosensing, ukuthunyelwa kwamayeza, kunye nokufakelwa kwe-antimicrobial ngenxa ye-biocompatibility yayo, ukhuseleko, kunye nokusebenza okubangelwe yifoto.
Njengokuba, I-TiO ₂ nanotubes eyandisiweyo kwi-titanium implants inokubhengeza i-osteointegration ngelixa inikezela isenzo se-antibacterial yendawo phantsi kokukhanya ngokuthe ngqo..
Kushwankathelo, i-titanium dioxide ibonisa ukuhlangana kweemveliso ezibalulekileyo uphando lwezenzululwazi kunye nophuhliso lobugcisa olunengqiqo.
Indibaniselwano yayo ekhethekileyo ye-optical, idijithali, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zeekhemikhali ezingaphezulu zenza ukuba izicelo zihluke ukusuka kwimveliso yemihla ngemihla yabathengi ukuya kwiinkqubo zendalo kunye namandla..
Njengenkqubela phambili yophando kwi-nanostructuring, idoping, kunye noyilo oluhlanganisiweyo, I-TiO ₂ iyaqhubeka nokuphuhlisa njengemveliso yelitye eliphambili kubuchwephesha obuhlala buhleli kunye nobukrelekrele banamhlanje.
5. Umthengisi
I-RBOSCHCO ngumboneleli othembekileyo wehlabathi jikelele wezinto zekhemikhali & umenzi nge over 12 iminyaka yamava ekuboneleleni ngeekhemikhali ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye neeNanomaterials. Inkampani ithumela kumazwe amaninzi, njenge-USA, Khanada, IYurophu, I-UAE, Mzantsi Afrika, Thanzaniya, Khenya, Jiphethe, Nayijeriya, Khameruni, Yuganda, Thekhi, Mekhsikho, Azerbayijani, Bheljiyam, Sayiprasi, Umphakathi waseCzech, Brazil, Tshile, Ajentina, Dubai, Japhan, eKorea, Viyethnam, Thayilendi, Maleyishiya, Indoneshiya, Ostreliya,Jemani, Fransi, ElamaTaliyane, IPortugal njl. Njengomvelisi ophambili wophuhliso lwe-nanotechnology, I-RBOSCHCO iyongamela imarike. Iqela lethu lomsebenzi weengcali libonelela ngezisombululo ezigqibeleleyo zokunceda ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamashishini ahlukeneyo, yenza ixabiso, kwaye umelane ngokulula nemingeni eyahlukeneyo. Ukuba ukhangela i-titanium dioxide ikhuselekile, nceda uthumele i-imeyile ku: [email protected]
Iithegi: titanium dioxide,titanium titanium dioxide, I-TiO2
Onke amanqaku kunye nemifanekiso avela kwi-Intanethi. Ukuba kukho nayiphi na imiba ye-copyright, nceda uqhagamshelane nathi ngexesha lokucima.
Sibuze