1. Crystallography le Polymorphism ea Titanium Dioxide
1.1 Anatase, Rutile, le Brookite: Phapano ea Sebopeho le Dijithale
( Titanium dioxide)
Titanium dioxide (TiO ₂) ke tšepe oxide e etsahalang ka tlhaho e teng 3 mefuta ea pele ea kristale: rutile, anatase, le brookite, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e bonts'a tlhophiso e ikhethang ea athomo le thepa ea dijithale ho sa tsotellehe ho arolelana mokhoa o tšoanang oa lik'hemik'hale.
Rutile, e 'ngoe ea mekhahlelo e tsitsitseng ea thermodynamically, e kenyelletsa sebopeho sa kristale ea tetragonal moo liathomo tsa titanium li sebetsoang ka mahlakore a mabeli ke liathomo tsa oksijene sebakeng se teteaneng., tlhophiso ea ketane ea linear hammoho le c-axis, e lebisang ho index e phahameng ea refractive le botsitso bo botle ba lik'hemik'hale.
Anatase, ho ekelletsa moo, tetragonal empa e na le sebopeho se bulehileng se eketsehileng, e na le sekhutlo- le ho arolelana moeli TiO ₆ octahedra, ho baka matla a maholo a holim'a metsi le mosebetsi o phahameng oa photocatalytic ka lebaka la motsamao o ntlafetseng oa bafani ba litefiso le ho fokotseha ha litekanyetso tsa ho kopanya li-electron-hole.
Brookite, boemo bo tlase bo tlwaelehileng ebile bo thata ka ho fetesisa, e nka moralo oa orthorhombic o nang le mokhoa o rarahaneng oa ho sekama octahedral, le ha e ntse e hlahlojoa hanyane, e bonts'a mahae a mahareng a lipakeng tsa anatase le rutile a nang le thahasello e hlahang mekhoeng ea mefuta e fapaneng.
Matla a bandgap a mekhahlelo ena a fapana hanyane: rutile e na le sehlopha se pota-potileng 3.0 eV, anatase pota 3.2 eV, le brookite mabapi le 3.3 eV, ho susumetsa likarolo tsa bona tsa ho monya leseli le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso e itseng ea lik'hemik'hale.
Tšireletso ea mohato e itšetlehile ka mocheso; Anatase hangata e fetoha e ke keng ea fetoloa ho ea ho rutile ho feta 600– 800 °C, phetoho e lokelang ho laoloa ts'ebetsong ea mocheso o phahameng ho boloka matlo a sebetsang a ratoang.
1.2 Flaw Chemistry le Doping Techniques
Ho ikamahanya le maemo ho sebetsang ha TiO ₂ ha ho hlahe feela ho tsoa ho crystallography ea eona ea tlhaho empa hape le ho tsoa ho bokhoni ba eona ba ho lumellana le mathata le li-dopants tse fetolang moralo oa eona oa dijithale..
Mesebetsi ea oksijene le li-interstitials tsa titanium li sebetsa e le bafani ba mofuta oa n, ho matlafatsa conductivity ea motlakase le ho theha maemo a mahareng a lekhalo a ka amang ho monya ha mahlo le mosebetsi oa catalytic..
Doping e laoloang ka li-cations tsa tšepe (mohlala, Fe TWO ⁺, Cr ³ ⁺, V NNE ⁺) kapa li-anion tseo e seng tsa tšepe (mohlala, N, S, C) e fokotsa sekhahla ka ho hlahisa maemo a tšilafalo, ho etsa hore ho be bonolo ho kenya tshebetsong kganya e bonahalang– boqapi bo bohlokoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse tsamaisoang ke letsatsi.
E le mohlala, nitrogen doping e nkela sebaka sa marang-rang sa oksijene ea lattice, ho hlahisa linaha tse kaholimo ho sehlopha sa valence tse lumellang ho hlasimoloha ka li-photon tse nang le maqhubu a boholo bo lekanang 550 nm, ho atolosa haholo karolo e ka sebetsoang ea sebaka sa letsatsi.
Litokiso tsena lia hlokahala bakeng sa ho hlola thibelo ea mantlha ea TiO two: lekhalo la eona le leholo le lekanyetsa ho sebetsa ha lifoto sebakeng sa ultraviolet, hoo e ka bang 4 feela– 5% ea khanya ea letsatsi.
( Titanium dioxide)
2. Mekhoa ea ho Kopanya le Taolo ea Morphological
2.1 Mekhoa ea Setso le e Tsoetseng Pele ea ho Etsa
Titanium dioxide e ka etsoa ka mekhoa e mengata, se seng le se seng se sebedisa maemo a fapaneng a taolo hodima bohlweki ba sethala, boholo ba sekhechana, le morphology.
Sulfate le chloride (chlorination) lits'ebetso ke litsela tse kholo tsa indasteri tse sebelisoang haholo ho etsa li-pigment, ho kenyelletsa tšilo ea lijo ea ilmenite kapa titanium slag e tsamaellanang le hydrolysis kapa oxidation ho hlahisa li-powders tse peli tsa TiO..
Bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse molemo, mekhoa ea lik'hemik'hale tse metsi tse kang ho sebetsana le sol-gel, motsoako oa hydrothermal, 'me lithuto tsa solvothermal lia ratoa ka lebaka la bokhoni ba tsona ba ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tse nang le nanostructured tse nang le sebaka se phahameng le crystallinity e ka sebelisoang..
Sol-gel synthesis, ho tloha ho titanium alkoxides joalo ka titanium isopropoxide, e lumella taolo e nepahetseng ea stoichiometric le ho thehoa ha lifilimi tse tšesaane, monoliths, kapa nanoparticles e nang le hydrolysis le polycondensation reactions.
Mekhoa ea hydrothermal e thusa ho hola ha li-nanostructures tse ikhethang– joalo ka nanotubes, li-nanorods, le ho laela microspheres– ka ho laola mocheso, khatello ea maikutlo, le pH maemong a mokelikeli, hangata ba sebelisa mineralizers joalo ka NaOH ho phatlalatsa kholo ea anisotropic.
2.2 Nanostructuring le Heterojunction Design
Ho sebetsa hantle ha TiO ₂ ho photocatalysis le phetoho ea matla e thehiloe haholo ho morphology.
Li-nanostructures tsa lehlakore le le leng, joalo ka li-nanotubes tse ntlafalitsoeng ke anodization ea tšepe ea titanium, fana ka litsela tse otlolohileng tsa lipalangoang tsa elektronike le likarolo tse kholo tsa bokaholimo, ho ntlafatsa katleho ea karohano ea tefiso.
Li-nanosheets tse mahlakore a mabeli, haholo-holo ba nang le matla a phahameng 001 likarolo tsa anatase, bonts'a ts'ebetso e phahameng ka lebaka la botenya bo boholo ba liathomo tsa titanium tse sa sebetseng hantle tse sebetsang e le libaka tse sebetsang bakeng sa likarabo tsa redox..
Ho ntlafatsa tshebetso, TiO two e atisa ho kopanngoa hantle ho li-heterojunction systems le li-semiconductors tse ling (mohlala, g-C tshelela N ₄, CdS, TSA TSELA) kapa lithuso tsa conductive joalo ka graphene le carbon nanotubes.
Likarolo tsena li thusa ho arola sebaka sa lielektrone tse hlahisoang ke lifoto le masoba, fokotsa tahlehelo ea ho kopanya bocha, 'me u atolose ho monyela ha leseli ho ea ho sehlopha se hlokomelehang ka ho susumetsa kapa liphetho tsa ho beha lihlopha.
3. Libaka tsa Bolulo tse Molemo le Sensitivity ea Bokaholimo
3.1 Photocatalytic Systems le Likopo tsa Tikoloho
E 'ngoe ea meaho e tsebahalang haholo ea TiO ₂ ke mosebetsi oa eona oa ho etsa lifoto tlas'a mahlaseli a UV, e lumellang ho timetsoa ha chefo ea tlhaho, ho se sebetse ha baktheria, le ho sefa moea le metsi.
Kamora ho monya ha photon, li-electrone li thabile ho tloha sehlopheng sa valence ho ea sehlopheng sa conduction, ho siea masoba ao e leng baemeli ba sebetsang ba oxidizing.
Bafani bana ba litšebeletso tsa litefiso ba arabela ka metsi le oksijene e kentsoeng holimo ho theha mefuta ea oksijene e arabelang (ROS) joalo ka hydroxyl radicals (- OH), superoxide anions (- O PEDI ⁻), le hydrogen peroxide (H MABELI O MABELI), e sa khetholleng oxidize litšila tsa tlhaho ho CO ₂, H ₂ O, le li-mineral acid.
Mochine ona o sebelisoa hampe libakeng tsa ho itlhoekisa, moo TiO PEDI e kwahetsweng ka dikgalase kapa dithaele tsa ceramic di senyang ditshila le difilimi tse phelang tlasa letsatsi, le litsamaisong tsa pheko ea metsi a litšila tse shebileng lidae, lithethefatsi, le mafu a endocrine.
Ho feta moo, Li-photocatalyst tse thehiloeng ho TiO TWO li ntse li etsoa bakeng sa tlhoekiso ea moea, ho tlosa metsoako ea lintho tse phelang (Li-VOCs) le nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) ho tloha tikolohong ea kahare le litoropong.
3.2 Ho hasana ha Optical le Pigment Performance
Ka holim'a thepa ea eona ea bolulo kapa ea khoebo e arabelang, TiO ₂ ke pigment e tšoeu e sebelisoang haholo lefatšeng ka lebaka la index ea eona e ikhethang. (~ 2.7 bakeng sa rutile), e etsang hore ho be le khanya e phahameng le ho bonesa ka lipente, qetela, dipolasetiki, pampiri, le litlolo.
Pigment e sebetsa ka ho hasa khanya e bonahalang ka katleho; ha karoloana e matlafatsoa ho fihla ho halofo ea bolelele ba maqhubu a khanya (~ 200– 300 nm), Mie ho hasana ho sebelisoa hamolemo, ho baka matla a ikhethang a ho ipata.
Liphekolo tsa sebaka se holimo ka silika, aluminium, kapa likoahelo tsa tlhaho li sebelisoa ho matlafatsa ho hasana, fokotsa ts'ebetso ea photocatalytic (ho qoba ho senyeha ha matrix a moamoheli), le ho matlafatsa botsitso lits'ebetsong tsa kantle.
Ka litlolo tse sireletsang letsatsi, TiO ₂ e boholo ba nano e fana ka tšireletso ea UV e pharaletseng ka ho hasanya le ho monya mahlaseli a kotsi a UVA le UVB ha e ntse e lula e hlakile mefuteng e bonahalang., ho sebelisa tšitiso ea 'mele ntle le litšokelo tse amanang le li-filters tsa tlhaho tsa UV.
4. Ho hlahisa Lisebelisoa ka Matla le Lisebelisoa tsa Bohlale
4.1 Mosebetsi ho Phetoho ea Matla a Letsatsi le Polokelo
Titanium dioxide e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho mahlale a lisebelisoa tse nchafalitsoeng, haholo-holo liseleng tsa letsatsi tse utloang dae (DSSCs) le libeteri tsa letsatsi tsa perovskite (Li-PSCs).
Ka li-DSSC, filimi ea mesoporous ea nanocrystalline anatase e sebetsa e le lera la lipalangoang tsa elektronike, ho amohela li-electrone tse nang le photoexcited ho tloha ho sensitizer ea dae le ho li tsamaisa ho potoloho e ka ntle, athe bandgap ea eona e pharaletseng e tiisa ho monya ho honyenyane ha likokoana-hloko.
Ho li-PSC, TiO two e sebetsa e le lebitso le khethang elektronike, ho khothaletsa ho khoasolla litšenyehelo le ho matlafatsa botsitso ba lisebelisoa, leha boithuto bo ntse bo tsoela pele ho e nkela sebaka ka likhetho tse fokolang haholo tsa lifoto ho matlafatsa bophelo bo bolelele.
TiO tse peli li boetse li hlahlojoa ka photoelectrochemical (PEC) tsamaiso ea ho arola metsi, moo e sebetsang e le photoanode ho oxidize metsi hore e be oksijene, liprothone, le lielektrone tlas'a lebone la UV, ho eketsa tlhahiso ea haedrojene e tala.
4.2 Assimilation ho Smart Coatings le Biomedical Instruments
Lisebelisoa tse bohlale li na le lifensetere tsa lapeng tse bohlale tse nang le matla a ho itlhoekisa le ho thibela moholi., moo liphetho tsa TiO ₂ li sebetsanang le khanya le mongobo ho boloka pepeneneng le bohloeki.
Ka biomedicine, TiO ₂ e batlisisoa bakeng sa biosensing, thomello ya meriana, le li-implants tsa antimicrobial ka lebaka la biocompatibility ea eona, tshireletso, le ts'ebetso e hlahisitsoeng ke linepe.
Mohlala, Li-TiO ₂ nanotubes tse atolositsoeng ho li-implants tsa titanium li ka bapatsa osteointegration ha li ntse li fana ka ts'ebetso ea lehae ea antibacteria tlas'a khanya e tobileng..
Ka kakaretso, titanium dioxide e bonts'a ho kopana ha lihlahisoa tsa bohlokoa lipatlisiso tsa mahlale tse nang le nts'etsopele e utloahalang ea tekheniki.
Motsoako oa eona o khethehileng oa optical, tsa digital, le libaka tsa bolulo tsa lik'hemik'hale tse kaholimo li thusa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng ho tloha ho lihlahisoa tsa bareki tsa letsatsi le letsatsi ho isa lits'ebetsong tse tsoetseng pele tsa tikoloho le matla..
Joalo ka katleho ea lipatlisiso ho nanostructuring, doping, le moralo o kopaneng, TiO ₂ e ntse e tsoela pele ho nts'etsapele joalo ka sehlahisoa sa lejoe la bohlokoa ho mahlale a morao-rao le a bohlale a sejoale-joale.
5. Morekisi
RBOSCHCO ke morekisi ea tšepahalang oa thepa ea lik'hemik'hale lefatšeng ka bophara & moetsi ka hofeta 12 boiphihlelo ba lilemo tsa ho fana ka lik'hemik'hale tsa boleng bo holimo le li-Nanomaterials. Khampani e romela linaheng tse ngata, joalo ka USA, Canada, Europe, UAE, Afrika Boroa, Tanzania, Kenya, Egepeta, Nigeria, Cameroon, Uganda, kalakuni, Mexico, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Cyprase, Riphaboliki ea Czech, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Dubai, Japane, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia,Jeremane, Fora, Italy, Portugal joalo-joalo. E le moetsi ea ka sehloohong oa nts'etsopele ea nanotechnology, RBOSCHCO e laola 'maraka. Sehlopha sa rona sa basebetsi ba litsebi se fana ka litharollo tse phethahetseng ho thusa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea liindasteri tse fapaneng, theha boleng, le ho sebetsana le mathata a fapaneng habonolo. Haeba u batla titanium dioxide e sireletsehile, ka kopo romella lengolo-tsoibila ho: [email protected]
Li-tag: titanium dioxide,titanium titanium dioxide, TiO2
Lingoliloeng tsohle le litšoantšo li tsoa Marang-rang. Haeba ho na le litaba tsa copyright, ka kopo ikopanye le rona ka nako ho hlakola.
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