1. Ukubunjwa Okuyisisekelo kanye Nezimfanelo Zokwakha ze-Quartz Ceramics
1.1 Ukuhlanzeka Kwekhemikhali kanye Noshintsho Lwe-Crystalline-to-Amorphous
(I-Quartz Ceramics)
Ama-porcelains e-quartz, nayo ibizwa nge-silica ehlanganisiwe noma i-quartz ehlanganisiwe, ziyisigaba sokusebenza okuphezulu okungeyona imikhiqizo yemvelo evela ku-silicon dioxide (SIO LESIBILI) ku-ultra-pure yayo, non-crystalline (i-amorphous) umusa.
Ngokungafani ne-ceramics evamile ethembele kuzinhlaka ze-polycrystalline, ama-porcelain e-quartz ahlukaniswa ngokungabikho kwawo ngokuphelele kwemikhawulo yokusanhlamvu ngenxa yokucwebezela kwawo., inethiwekhi ye-isotropic ye-SiO ₄ tetrahedra ehlanganiswe nenethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu engafanele.
Lolu hlaka lwe-amorphous lutholakala ngokuncibilika kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kwamakristalu e-quartz emvelo noma izandulela zokwenziwa ze-silica., kulandelwa ukupholisa okusheshayo ukumisa ukwakheka.
Umkhiqizo owumphumela uhlanganisa ngokuvamile ngaphezulu 99.9% SiO ₂, ngezinto ezingcolisa umkhondo njengezinsimbi ze-alkali (Lokho ⁺, K ⁺), i-aluminium, kanye namazinga ensimbi agcinwe ezingxenyeni zesigidi ngesigidi ukuze kuvikelwe ukukhanya okukhanyayo, ukumelana nogesi, nokusebenza kahle kokushisa.
Ukuntuleka kokuhleleka okude kuqeda izenzo ze-anisotropic, ukwenza i-quartz ceramics ilingane futhi ingaguquki ngokomshini kuyo yonke imiyalelo– inzuzo ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kokunemba.
1.2 Ukuziphatha Okushisayo kanye Nokumelana Nokwethuka Okushisayo
Phakathi kwemisebenzi ecacisa kakhulu ye-quartz ceramics yi-coefficient ephansi kakhulu yokwanda okushisayo. (I-CTE), ngokuvamile nxazonke 0.55 × 10 ⁻⁶/ K phakathi 20 ° C futhi 300 °C.
Lokhu kukhula okucishe kube nguziro kuvela ku-Si eguquguqukayo– O– Ama-engeli e-Si kunethiwekhi ye-amorphous, engakwazi ukulungisa ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okushisayo ngaphandle kokulimaza, ukuvumela umkhiqizo ukuthi umelane nokulungiswa kwezinga lokushisa okusheshayo okungahle kuqhekeze ama-porcelain noma izinsimbi zendabuko.
I-quartz ceramics ingabekezelela ukushaqeka okushisayo okudlulayo 1000 °C, njengokucwiliswa okuqondile emanzini ngemva kokufudumala emazingeni okushisa ashisayo, ngaphandle kokuqhekeka noma ukubola.
Lesi sakhiwo sibenza babaluleke kuzilungiselelo ezihlanganisa ukufudumeza okuphindaphindiwe kanye nemijikelezo yokupholisa, njenge-semiconductor processing heat systems, izakhi ze-aerospace, kanye nezinhlelo zokukhanyisa ezinamandla kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitsha zobumba ze-quartz zigcina ukwethembeka kwezakhiwo kuze kufike emazingeni okushisa cishe 1100 ° C kusixazululo esiqhubekayo, ngokumelana nokuchayeka okuqondile kwesikhashana okusondelayo 1600 ° C kuma-ambiences angasebenzi.
( I-Quartz Ceramics)
Ukumelana nokushisa okudlule, abonisa amazinga okushisa athambile aphezulu (~ 1600 °C )kanye nokumelana okuvelele kokuhlukaniswa kwe-devitrification– nakuba ukuchayeka okuqondile kwesikhathi eside phezu 1200 ° C ingaqala ukwakheka kwendawo ibe yi-cristobalite, okungase kubeke engcupheni amandla okusebenza ngenxa yokulungiswa kobuningi kuwo wonke amashifu esigaba.
2. I-Optical, Ezogesi, kanye Nezimfanelo Zamakhemikhali Zezisetshenziswa Ze-Silica Ehlanganisiwe
2.1 I-Broadband Transparency kanye nezicelo zezithombe
Izitsha zobumba ze-quartz zidume ngokudluliswa kwazo okuvelele kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezinkulu ze-spooky., ukunwebeka emisebeni ye-ultraviolet ejulile (UV) kwe ~ 180 nm ku-infrared eseduze (KANYE) kwe ~ 2500 nm.
Lokhu kuvuleka kuvunyelwe ukuntuleka kokungcola kanye ne-homogeneity yenethiwekhi ye-amorphous, okunciphisa ukusabalala kokukhanya nokumuncwa.
I-silica ehlanganisiwe ye-high-purity synthetic, ekhiqizwa nge-flame hydrolysis ye-silicon chloride, ithola nokudluliswa kwe-UV ephezulu futhi isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezibalulekile ezifana ne-excimer laser optics, izithombe ze-photolithography, kanye nezibonakude ezisekelwe emkhathini.
Umkhawulo womonakalo we-laser ophezulu wento– ukumelana nokwehla ngaphansi kwe-pulsed laser irradiation– iyenza ifaneleke ezinhlelweni ze-laser ezinamandla aphezulu ezisetshenziswa ocwaningweni oluhlanganisiwe kanye nokwenza imishini yokuhweba.
Ukwengeza, i-autofluorescence yayo ephansi kanye nokumelana nemisebe kuqinisekisa ukwethembeka ku-instrumentation yomtholampilo, ehlanganisa ama-spectrometer, Amasistimu wokwelapha we-UV, kanye namathuluzi okulandelela enuzi.
2.2 Ukusebenza Kwe-Dielectric kanye Nokungena Kwamakhemikhali
Ngokombono kagesi, ama-porcelain e-quartz angama-insulators akhethekile anokumelana nenani elidlulayo 10 ¹⁸ Ω · amasentimitha ezingeni lokushisa lasemkhathini kanye ne-dielectric constant cishe 3.8 kwe 1 MHz.
I-tangent yokulahlekelwa kwe-dielectric encishisiwe (ithini δ < 0.0001) makes certain very little power dissipation in high-frequency and high-voltage applications, making them ideal for microwave home windows, radar domes, and insulating substrates in electronic assemblies.
Lezi zakhiwo zihlala zivikelekile kuzinga lokushisa elibanzi, ngokungafani nama-polymer amaningi noma ama-porcelain ajwayelekile enza buthaka ngogesi ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okushisayo nokukhathazeka.
Ngamakhemikhali, ama-porcelain e-quartz abonisa ukungabi nalutho okumangazayo kuningi lama-asidi, consisting of hydrochloric, nitric, and sulfuric acids, due to the stability of the Si– O bond.
Nonetheless, they are vulnerable to attack by hydrofluoric acid (HF) and solid antacids such as hot sodium hydroxide, which damage the Si– O– Si network.
This discerning reactivity is made use of in microfabrication procedures where controlled etching of integrated silica is required.
In aggressive commercial environments– such as chemical handling, semiconductor wet benches, and high-purity liquid handling– quartz ceramics function as linings, view glasses, and reactor components where contamination need to be lessened.
3. Production Processes and Geometric Engineering of Quartz Ceramic Elements
3.1 Thawing and Forming Strategies
The production of quartz ceramics includes numerous specialized melting approaches, each tailored to particular purity and application demands.
Ukuncibilika kwe-arc kagesi kusebenzisa isihlabathi se-quartz esicwenge kakhulu esincibilikisiwe ku-crucible yethusi epholile ngaphansi kwe-vacuum noma igesi engasebenzi., ukudala ama-boules amakhulu noma amashubhu anezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokuhlala ezishisayo nezemishini noma ezohwebo.
Inhlanganisela ye-flame, noma ukuhlanganisa amandla omlilo, kuhlanganisa ukushiswa kwe-silicon tetrachloride (I-SiCl ₄) emlilweni we-hydrogen-oxygen, ukudlulisa izingcezwana ze-silica ezicolekayo ku-preform ekhanyelayo– le ndlela ikhiqiza ikhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu ye-optical futhi isetshenziselwa i-silica ehlanganisiwe yokwenziwa.
Ukuncibilika kwe-plasma kusebenzisa inkambo ehlukile, enikeza amazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu kanye nokucubungula okungangcoliswa kwezindawo ezithile ze-niche aerospace kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuvikela.
Lapho kuncibilika, izitsha zobumba ze-quartz zingabunjwa ngokusakazwa ngokunemba, ukukhula kwe-centrifugal (ngamashubhu), noma CNC machining yezikhala pre-sintered.
Ngenxa yokuqina kwabo, ukwenza imishini kudinga amathuluzi edayimane nokulawula ngokucophelela ukuvimbela ukuqhekeka okuncane.
3.2 Ukunemba Kokwenziwa Kwendawo kanye Nendawo Yokuqedwa
Izingxenye ze-quartz zobumba ze-ceramic zivame ukwenziwa ngqo zibe amajiyometri ayinkimbinkimbi njengama-crucibles, amashubhu, izinduku, amafasitela, kanye nama-insulators enziwe ngokwezifiso ze-semiconductor, ilanga, kanye nemikhakha ye-laser.
Ukunemba kwe-Dimensional kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizweni kwe-semiconductor lapho ama-quartz susceptors kanye neziqukathi zensimbi zidinga ukugcina ukubekwa okunembile nokuvumelana okushisayo.
Ukuqedela ubuso kudlala umsebenzi obalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle; izindawo ezicwebezelayo zehlisa ukuhlakazeka kokukhanya ezingxenyeni ezikhanyayo futhi zinciphise iziza ze-nucleation ukuze zisuswe ekusetshenzisweni kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu..
Ukuqoshwa ngezixazululo ze-HF ezivikelwe kungadala ukubonakala kwendawo elawulwayo noma kususe izendlalelo ezilimele ngemuva komshini..
Okokuhlanza i-vacuum ephezulu kakhulu (I-UHV) izinhlelo, ama-porcelain e-quartz ayahlanzwa futhi ayabhakwa ukuze kukhishwe amagesi adsorbed ngaphezulu, iqinisekisa ukuphuma kancane kancane kanye nokuhambisana nezinqubo ezithambile ezifana ne-molecular beam ye-light epitaxy (MBE).
4. Izicelo zezimboni nezesayensi ze-Quartz Ceramics
4.1 Iqhaza ku-Semiconductor kanye ne-Photovoltaic Production
Izitsha zobumba ze-quartz ziyizinto ezibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamasekhethi ahlanganisiwe namaseli elanga, lapho asebenza khona njengamashubhu omlilo, i-wafer watercrafts (ama-susceptors), namakamelo okusabalalisa.
Ikhono labo lokukwazi ukumelana nokushisa ku-oxidizing, ukwehlisa, noma imikhathi engasebenzi– kuhlanganiswe nokuncipha kokungcoliswa kwensimbi– yenza inqubo ethile ibe msulwa kanye nesivuno.
Throughout chemical vapor deposition (I-CVD) or thermal oxidation, quartz elements preserve dimensional stability and stand up to warping, protecting against wafer damage and imbalance.
In solar production, quartz crucibles are used to expand monocrystalline silicon ingots via the Czochralski process, where their purity straight affects the electric top quality of the last solar cells.
4.2 Usage in Lights, I-Aerospace, and Analytical Instrumentation
In high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps and UV sterilization systems, quartz ceramic envelopes consist of plasma arcs at temperature levels surpassing 1000 ° C while transmitting UV and noticeable light efficiently.
Their thermal shock resistance protects against failing during fast light ignition and closure cycles.
Emkhathini, quartz ceramics are utilized in radar windows, sensing unit real estates, kanye nezinhlelo zokuzivikela ezishisayo ngenxa yokuncipha kwazo okungaguquki kwe-dielectric, izinga eliphezulu lamandla-kuya-kuminyana, kanye nokuvikeleka ngaphansi kokulayishwa kwe-aerothermal.
Kumakhemikhali okuhlaziya kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi yempilo, imithambo ye-silica ehlanganisiwe iyadingeka ku-chromatography yegesi (GC) kanye ne-capillary electrophoresis (CE), lapho ukungabikhona kwendawo kumisa ukukhangisa kwesampula futhi kuqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa okunembile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-quartz crystal microbalances (Ama-QCM), okuncike ezindaweni zokuhlala ze-piezoelectric ze-crystalline quartz (ehlukile ku-silica ehlanganisiwe), sebenzisa ama-porcelain e-quartz njengezindlu zokuzivikela kanye nosizo lokuvikela ezinhlelweni zesikhathi sangempela zenzwa.
Ekuphetheni, izitsha zobumba ze-quartz zimelela indlela enqamulayo yohlobo olulodwa yokuqina okushisayo, ukuvuleka kokubona, nokuhlanzeka kwamakhemikhali.
Uhlaka lwazo lwe-amorphous kanye nokuqukethwe kwewebhu okuphezulu kwe-SiO okubili kwenza ukusebenza kahle emkhathini lapho izinto ezijwayelekile ziyeka ukusebenza, ukusuka enhliziyweni yendwangu ye-semiconductor ukuya ohlangothini lwendawo.
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthukela emazingeni aphezulu okushisa, ukunemba okungcono, kanye nezinqubo ezihlanzekile, ama-porcelain e-quartz azoqhubeka nokusebenza njengomthombo obalulekile wentuthuko kuyo yonke isayensi nemakethe.
Umsabalalisi
I-Advanced Ceramics yasungulwa ngo-Okthoba 17, 2012, yibhizinisi lobuchwepheshe obuphezulu elizinikele ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni, ukukhiqiza, ukucubungula, ukuthengisa kanye nezinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe zezinto eziphathelene ne-ceramic nemikhiqizo. Imikhiqizo yethu ihlanganisa kodwa ingagcini nje nge-Boron Carbide Ceramic Products, I-Boron Nitride Ceramic Products, Imikhiqizo ye-Silicon Carbide Ceramic, Imikhiqizo ye-Silicon Nitride Ceramic, I-Zirconium Dioxide Ceramic Products, njll. Uma unentshisekelo, sicela ukhululeke ukuxhumana nathi.([email protected])
Omaka: I-Quartz Ceramics, isitsha se-ceramic, amapayipi e-ceramic
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